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Drew 923 > 3_8Minerals > Flashcards

3_8Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

What are the various salts of calcium?

A

1) carbonate 2) citrate 3) gluconate 4) chloride

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2
Q

What % elemental is CaCO3?

A

40%

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3
Q

What % elemental is CaCitrate?

A

21%

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4
Q

What % elemental is CaGluconate?

A

9.30%

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5
Q

What calcium salts are available IV?

A

gluconate (4.65 mEq/g) and chloride (13.6 mEq/g)

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6
Q

What is the most abundant mineral in the body?

A

Calcium

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7
Q

What are sources of calcium?

A

dairy, broccoli, salmon, fortified foods

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8
Q

What are the considerations for CaCO3?

A

take with food in divided doses; need acid

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9
Q

What are the considerations for CaCitrate?

A

no acid needed

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10
Q

What is the RDA for Ca?

A

1000 mg/day (1200 if > 70 or >50 and female)

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11
Q

What is the UL for calcium?

A

2500 mg/day

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12
Q

What is the blood concentration in hypercalcemia (severe)?

A

> 10 (>13) mg/dL

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13
Q

What are the symptoms of calcium deficiency?

A

hypocalcemia

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of hypercalcemia?

A

hyperPTHism, renal insufficiency, constipation, kidney stones

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15
Q

What are the various salt forms of Mg?

A

1) oxide, 2) chloride, 3) gluconate, 4) citrate, 5) hydroxide/MOM

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16
Q

What % elemental is Mg oxide?

A

60% but poorly absorbed

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17
Q

What % elemental is chloride?

A

12%

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18
Q

What % elemental is gluconate?

A

6%

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19
Q

What % elemental is citrate?

A

16%

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20
Q

What are the considerations for the different salt forms of Mg?

A

gluconate and chloride are less likely to cause diarrhea

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21
Q

What is the RDA for Mg?

A

300 (women) - 400 (men) mg/day

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22
Q

What is the UL for Mg?

A

350 mg/day supplemental

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23
Q

What are the toxicity symptoms of Mg?

A

when > 1000: diarrhea, drowsiness, lethargy, weakness

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24
Q

What are the symptoms of Mg deficiency?

A

1) anorexia, 2) N/V, 3) fatigue/weakness, 4) numbness, tingling, cramps, 5) hypercalcemia if severe 6) arrhythmias and coronary spasm

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25
Q

What conditions can cause Mg deficiency?

A

1) malabsorption, 2) N/V/D, 3) diuretics, 4) diabetes

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26
Q

What are the sources of Mg?

A

green leafy veggies, nuts, seeds, beans, whole grains, meat, starches

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27
Q

What is the function of Mg?

A

cofactor: muscles/neurons/immune cells, sugar/pressure regulation

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28
Q

What are the macrominerals?

A

Ca, Mg, P, Cl, K

29
Q

% elemental of FeSO4?

A

20% elemental

30
Q

% elemental of Fe fumarate?

A

33%

31
Q

% elemental of Fe gluconate?

A

12%

32
Q

What are the various salt forms of Fe?

A

sulfate, fumarate, fluconate, polysaccharide-Fe

33
Q

What are sources of iron?

A

heme-Fe: red meat, fish, poultry; non-heme-Fe: fruits/veggies, fortified foods

34
Q

What percentage of dietary Fe is absorbed?

A

10-15%

35
Q

What is the function of iron?

A

Hb, cell growth, cell differentiation

36
Q

Normal blood concentration of Fe?

A

50-160 mcg/dL for males, -10 for females

37
Q

What are the considerations for Fe supplements?

A

1) GI upset, 2) sulfate requires acid

38
Q

What advice for upset stomach with Fe supplement?

A

1) take with food (will decrease F), 2) divide doses and gradually increase dose

39
Q

What is the RDA of Fe?

A

males = 8, females 18, pregnant =27 mg/day

40
Q

What is the UL for iron?

A

45 mg/day

41
Q

What is the toxicity range for iron?

A

20-60 mg/kg/day ELEMENTAL Fe

42
Q

What are the requirements for Fe child-resistant packaging?

A

30+ mg/tablet containers required to be child-resistant or unit-dose

43
Q

What is the most common unintentional childhood OD?

A

Fe

44
Q

What is the number 1 deficiency in the world?

A

Fe

45
Q

What causes Fe deficiency?

A

dietary, absorption, blood loss, renal failure

46
Q

What are the symptoms of Fe deficiency?

A

gradual anemia development; fatigue, intolerance to cold, infection

47
Q

What is the dose of Fe for anemia?

A

50-60mg ELEMENTAL Fe / day

48
Q

What are the symptoms of Fe toxicity?

A

early: N/V/D, ab pain; late: weakness, tachycardia, cyanosis, convulsions, coma

49
Q

RDA for Zn?

A

8 (females) - 11 (males & pregnant/breastfeeding) mg/day

50
Q

UL for Zn

A

40 mg/day

51
Q

Adverse effects/toxicity of Zn?

A

anosmia from sprays; n/v/d, ha, cramps

52
Q

When in Zn deficient?

A

digestive disorder, vegetarian, alcoholic

53
Q

What are sources of Zn?

A

oysters, seafood, red meat, fortified foods

54
Q

What is the function of Zn?

A

wound healing, immune, protein/dna synthesis, smell taste

55
Q

What is the function of Se?

A

antioxidant enzymes, immune & thryoid regulator

56
Q

What are sources of Se?

A

plant foods, meat, seafood

57
Q

What is the RDA for Se?

A

55 mcg/day (60 if pregnant, 70 if lactating)

58
Q

What is the UL for Se?

A

400 mcg/day

59
Q

What can cause Se toxicity?

A

industrial accidents and brazil nuts

60
Q

What are the symptoms of Se toxicity?

A

1) loss of hair/nails, 2) nervous system abnormalities, 3) garlic breath

61
Q

What are symptoms of Se deficiency?

A

muscle soreness, weak immune system, heart dz

62
Q

When might Se deficiency occur?

A

rare - TPN, malabsorptive

63
Q

What is the function of Cr?

A

enhanced insulin sensitivity, co-factor in energy metabolism

64
Q

What are sources of Cr?

A

BEER, meat, poultry, fish, canned foods

65
Q

What is the AI of Cr?

A

35 mcg/day (25 if female)

66
Q

What is the UL of Cr?

A

none

67
Q

What is the structure of dietary vs. toxic Cr?

A

dietary is Cr3+, toxic = Cr6+ from pollution

68
Q

What are the micronutrients?

A

Fe, Se, Cr, Zn, F, I, Mn, Mb, Cu

Drew 923 (28 decks)

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