Cardiology #1 Flashcards
Dilated cardiomyopathy is MCC by what things?
Idiopathic, Coxsackievirus, Alcohol, Cocaine, B1 deficiency
Symptoms of Dilated cardiomyopathy
S3 gallop, heart failure symptoms
Diagnostics for dilated cardiomyopathy
-Echo (LV dilation), CXR (cardiomegaly)
Treatment for dilated cardiomyopathy
ACE, ARB, BB, Spironolactone, Diuretics, AICD if EF < 35%
Stress cardiomyopathy is the result of what
Catecholamine surge during stress (such as postmenopausal, death of family member)
-Transient regional systolic dysfunction of the left ventricle in absence of significant obstructive coronary artery disease or evidence of plaque rupture.
Treatment for stress cardiomyopathy
Aspirin + BB + Nitro + Heparin (mimics MI)
Supportive care is mainstay of treatment (BB or ACE for 3-6 months with serial imaging to assess for improvement)
What is on history of a patient with restrictive cardiomyopathy?
Infiltrative disease (amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, scleroderma)
Diagnostics for restrictive cardiomyopathy
- Echo (initially) - diastolic dysfunction and marked dilation of both atria
- Endomyocardial biopsy (definitive)
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy pathophysiology
Diastolic dysfunction due to inappropriate LV and RV hypertrophy
What does an Echo for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy show?
- Asymmetric ventricular wall thickness (especially septal), 15 mm or greater
- Small LV chamber size
Treatment for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
BB
If no response, myomectomy performed or alcohol septal ablation.
What does the murmur for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy sound like?
Harsh systolic murmur at LSB, Loud S4
- Increased intensity with standing, Valsalva
- Decreased intensity with squatting, supine
Myocarditis is MCC by
-Enterovirus (Coxsackievirus), Clozapine
Symptoms of Myocarditis
- Viral prodrome followed by systolic dysfunction
- S3 gallop
- Pericarditis
- Megacolon
Diagnostics for myocarditis
- CXR: cardiomegaly
- Echo: Ventricular systolic dysfunction
- Endomyocardial biopsy: gold
Treatment for myocarditis
- Supportive (systolic heart failure treatment)
- ACE/Diuretics/BB
Treatment for sinus tachycardia
- BB if they have ACS
- Otherwise, treat the underlying cause (first line)
Treatment for sinus bradycardia
- Atropine is symptomatic
- If asymptomatic, no treatment needed
What is sick sinus syndrome
Sinus arrest alternating paroxysms of tachycardia and bradycardia
Treatment for sick sinus syndrome
- Stable: may not need treatment, often transient
- Atropine if needed
- Long term: pacemaker + ICD if alternating between tachycardia and bradycardia
What defines a first-degree AV block
- Prolonged PR interval, but all followed by QRS complex
- PR Interval is > 0.20 seconds
Treatment for first-degree AV block
Atropine is first-line if symptomatic
-If asymptomatic, no treatment, observation.
-Pacemaker is definitive, if persistent or PRI > 0.30 seconds
What defines a second-degree AV block (Type I)
progressive lengthening of PR interval, dropped QRS complex
-This is known as a Wenkebach
Treatment for second-degree AV block
-Atropine, Pacemaker definitive
Causes for second-degree AV block Type I
Inferior Wall MI, AV nodal blocking agents (BB, CCB, Lyme Disease)
What defines a second-degree AV block (Type II)
Constant PR interval before and after dropped QRS complex
Treatment for Mobitz Type II
Transcutaneous pacing or Atropine
-Permanent Pacemaker for long-term
What defines a third degree AV block
Regular P-P intervals and R-R intervals but they are not related to each other
(AV Dissociation)
Treatment for 3rd degree AV block
Transcutaneous pacing followed by permanent pacemaker
Treatment for Atrial Flutter
Vagal maneuvers, BB, CCB
- Unstable: Direct current synchronized cardioversion
- Radiofrequency catheter ablation (definitive)