Cardiac and Pulmonary Conditions, Arthritis and Diabetes Flashcards
1
Q
Informed Consent - Definition
A
A written statement signed by a participant prior to testing that informs him or her of testing purposes, processes, and all potential risks and discomforts.
2
Q
On-the Spot Indicators (3 total)
A
- age
- posture
- first-time participants
3
Q
What percentage are physically fit people less likely to develop high-risk diseases?
A
25-50% less likely
i.e. heart disease and type 2 diabetes
4
Q
Type 2 Diabetes - Definition
A
Most common form of diabetes; typically developed in adulthood
5
Q
Type 2 Diabetes - Characterized As
A
A reduced sensitivity of the insulin target cells to available insulin
6
Q
Type 2 Diabetes - Associated With
A
Obesity
7
Q
Type 2 Diabetes - AKA
A
- non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
- Adult-onset diabetes
8
Q
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) - Definition
A
A general term of any disease of the heart, blood vessels, or circulation.
i.e. Cardiac Disease, vascular disease, and peripheral arterial disease
9
Q
Peripheral Arterial Disease - Definition
A
All disease caused by the obstruction of large peripheral arteries, which can result from atherosclerosis, inflammatory processes leading to stenosis, an embolism, or thrombus formation.
10
Q
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) - Definition
A
The major form of cardiovascular disease
11
Q
Coronary Heart Disease - Result of
A
The coronary arteries narrowing or occulded
12
Q
Coronary Heart Disease - Caused by
A
Most commonly by atherosclerotic deposits of fibrous and fatty tissue
13
Q
Atherosclerosis - Definition
A
A specific form of arteriosclerosis characterized by the accumulation of fatty material on the inner walls of the arteries, causing them to harden, thicken, and lose elasticity.
14
Q
Myocardium - Definition
A
Muscle of the heart
15
Q
Ischemia - Definition
A
A decrease in the blood supply to a bodily organ, tissue, or part caused by constriction or obstruction of the blood vessels.
16
Q
Myocardial Infarction (MI) - Definition
A
An episode in which some of the heart’s blood supply is severely cut off or restricted, causing the heart muscle to suffer and die from lack of oxygen. Commonly known as a heart attack.
17
Q
Stroke - Definition
A
A sudden and often sever attack due to blockage of an artery into the brain.
18
Q
Peripheral Heart Disease - Definition
A
Circulation disorders that affect blood vessels outside of the heart and brain, most commonly of the lower extremity.
19
Q
Coronary Heart Disease - Statistic
A
- Most common cause of sudden death
- Most common over 65
- 10x times more common in men
20
Q
Hypertension - aka
A
High blood pressure
-Elevation of resting blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg
21
Q
Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) - Definition
A
The pressure exerted by the blood on the vessel walls during ventricular contraction.
22
Q
Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) - Definition
A
The pressure in the arteries during the relaxation phase (diastole) of the cardiac cycle, indicative of total peripheral resistance.
23
Q
Hypertension - Statistics
A
- Approx. 1 billion have it
- 70% of Americans over the age of 75
24
Q
Baroreceptors - Definition
A
A sensory nerve ending that is stimulated by changes in pressure, as those in the walls of blood vessels.
25
Nutrients - Definition
A component of food needed by the body. There are six classes of nutrients: water, minerals, vitamins, fats, carbohydrates, and protein.
26
Normal Blood Pressure Range
Less than 120/80
27
Prehypertension Range
120-139/80-89
28
Hypertension STAGE 1 Range
140-159/90-99
29
Hypertension STAGE 2 Range
Greater or equal to 160/100
30
Exercise Considerations for Cardiac Conditions - 1 of 4
Emphasize the importance of self-monitoring
31
Exercise Considerations for Cardiac Conditions - 2 of 4
Avoid abruptly changing from lying down or seated to standing, which can elicit orthostatic hypotension, causing dizziness.
32
Exercise Considerations for Cardiac Conditions - 3 of 4
Avoid performing the Valsalva maneuver
33
Exercise Considerations for Cardiac Conditions - 4 of 4
Avoid performing isometric exercise, which elicits a significant rise in BP
34
Orthostatic Hypotension - Definition
A drop in blood pressure associated with rising to an upright position
35
Valsalva Maneuver - Definition
A strong exhaling effort against a closed glottis, which builds pressure in the chest cavity that interferes with the return of the blood to the heart; may deprive the brain of blood and cause light headedness or fainting.
36
Isometric - Definition
A type of muscular contraction in which the muscle is stimulated to generate tension but little or no joint movement occurs.
37
Asthma - Definition
A chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that affects genetically susceptible individuals in response to various environmental triggers such as allergens, viral infection, exercise, cold, and stress.
38
Asthma - Statistics
- Affects more than 25 million - 6.8 million Americans
| - 25% of those suffers are children
39
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - Definition
A condition, such as asthma, bronchitis, or emphysema, in which there is chronic obstruction of air flow.
40
Pulmonary Condition Exercise Goals - 1 of 6
Improved exercise tolerance and performance
41
Pulmonary Condition Exercise Goals - 2 of 6
Alleviation of the magnitude of dyspnea
42
Pulmonary Condition Exercise Goals - 3 of 6
Improved state of mind, emotional state, and quality of life
43
Pulmonary Condition Exercise Goals - 4 of 6
Enhanced ability to perform ADLs
44
Pulmonary Condition Exercise Goals - 5 of 6
Improved gas exchange in the lungs and circulatory system
45
Pulmonary Condition Exercise Goals - 6 of 6
Improved mechanical efficiency of the anatomical structures involved in breathing (lungs, diaphragm, and inspiratory muscles)
46
Exercise Induced Asthma (EIA) - Definition
Transient and reversible airway narrowing triggered by vigorous exercise
47
EIA Rates of Perceived Exertion Range
Greater than of equal 16 on the 6-20 scale
48
Steps for Managing an Asthma Attack - 1 of 4
Rest and Relax
| -at least 10 minutes
49
Steps for Managing an Asthma Attack - 2 of 4
Take Medication
50
Steps for Managing an Asthma Attack - 3 of 4
Drink Warm Liquid
- Drink slowly
- No cold drinks allowed
51
Steps for Managing an Asthma Attack - 4 of 4
Emergency Care
- If having doubts
- If lips or fingernails are turning blue or have shallow breathing
52
Asthma - Exercise Guidelines - 1 of 6
If symptoms arise, physical activity should be limited until they subside
53
Asthma - Exercise Guidelines - 2 of 6
Encourage individuals to utilize an extended warm-up and cool-down
54
Asthma - Exercise Guidelines - 3 of 6
Emphasize hydration before, during, and after exercise (to keep airways moist)
55
Asthma - Exercise Guidelines - 4 of 6
Diaphragmatic or pursed-lip breathing may be beneficial
56
Asthma - Exercise Guidelines - 5 of 6
Use RPE and the dyspnea scale to monitor exercise intensity
57
Asthma - Exercise Guidelines - 6 of 6
Limit exposure to cold, polluted, of high-allergen environments.
58
Purse-Lip Breathing Technique Steps - 1 of 3
Relax the neck and shoulder muscles
59
Purse-Lip Breathing Technique Steps - 2 of 3
Breathe in for two seconds through the nose, keeping the mouth closed
60
Purse-Lip Breathing Technique Steps - 3 of 3
Breathe out for four seconds through pursed lips (or just twice as long as you breathe in)
61
Diaphragmatic Breathing Technique Steps - 1 of 3
From the supine position, have the participants place one hand on the abdomen and one hand on the chest
62
Diaphragmatic Breathing Technique Steps - 2 of 3
Teach the participant to inspire with maximal outward movement of the abdomen
63
Diaphragmatic Breathing Technique Steps - 3 of 3
Once the participant is comfortable in the supine position, he or she can perform the technique in sitting and standing positions.
64
Arthritis - Definition
Inflammation of a joint
65
Arthritis - Statistics
Affects more than 50 million adults in the US
66
Arthritis - Common Types (2 total)
- Osteoarthritis (OA)
| - Rhematoid Arthritis (RA)
67
Osteoarthritis (OA) - Definition
A degenerative disease involving a wearing away of joint cartilage. This degenerative joint disease occurs chiefly in older persons.
68
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) - Definition
An autoimmune disease that causes inflammation of connective tissues and joints.
69
Osteoarthritis (OA) -Statistics
Approx. 85% of all arthritis cases
70
Osteoarthritis (OA) - Characterized by
A degeneration of synovial fluid which progresses into a loss of articular cartilage and the underlying subchondral bone.
71
Osteoarthritis (OA) - Commonly Afflicted Bones (4 total)
- knee
- hip
- lumbar spine
- wrist
72
Osteoarthritis (OA) - Symptoms (4 total)
- localized joint pain
- stiffness
- a reduction of ROM
- atrophy
73
Synovial Fluid - Definition
Transparent, viscous lubricating fluid found in joint cavities, bursae, and tendon sheaths.
74
Articular Cartilage - Definition
Cartilage covering the ends of the bones inside diathroidial joints; allows the ends of the bones to glide without friction.
75
Subchondral Bone - Definition
Bone structure that lies under articular cartilage and contains marrow.
76
Atrophy - Definition
A reduction in muscle size (muscle wasting) due to inactivity or immobilization.
77
Osteoarthritis - Exercise Benefits - 1 of 4
Helps preserve muscle tissue
78
Osteoarthritis - Exercise Benefits - 2 of 4
Improve ROM
79
Osteoarthritis - Exercise Benefits - 3 of 4
Improve cardiovascular fitness
80
Osteoarthritis - Exercise Benefits - 4 of 4
Maintain a healthy weight
81
Osteoarthritis - Exercise Guidelines - 1 of 10
Avoid exercise during flare ups
82
Osteoarthritis - Exercise Guidelines - 2 of 10
Stop exercise if joint pain is too sever
83
Osteoarthritis - Exercise Guidelines - 3 of 10
Explain that a small amount of joint/muscle pain is normal but reduce volume and intensity if pain is present at higher levels 2 hours later
84
Osteoarthritis - Exercise Guidelines - 4 of 10
Perform an adequate warm-up
85
Osteoarthritis - Exercise Guidelines - 5 of 10
Start with light aerobic exercise to increase systemic blood flow and body temperature
86
Osteoarthritis - Exercise Guidelines - 6 of 10
Dynamic flexibility exercises should be performed to enhance tissue elasticity and further increase joint lubrication
87
Osteoarthritis - Exercise Guidelines - 7 of 10
Perform an adequate cool-down, gently taking the joints through their ROM
88
Osteoarthritis - Exercise Guidelines - 8 of 10
Water temperatures for aquatic exercise should be between 83-88 degrees to help relax muscles and reduce pain
89
Osteoarthritis - Exercise Guidelines - 9 of 10
Start with bilateral exercises and advance to unilateral exercises once strength and technique have been established
90
Osteoarthritis - Exercise Guidelines - 10 of 10
Perform activation exercises to target specific areas during the warm-up and body of the class
91
Diabetes Mellitus - Definition
A disease of carbohydrate metabolism in which an absolute or relative deficiency of insulin results in an inability to metabolize carbohydrates normally.
92
Diabetes Mellitus - Statistics
7th leading cause of death
93
Diabetes Mellitus - Chronic Diseases (6 total)
- CVD
- Hypertension
- Stroke
- Amputations
- Blindness
- Kidney Failure
94
Pre-Diabetes - Definition
The state in which some but not all of the diagnostic criteria for diabetes are met
i.e. blood glucose levels are higher than normal but are not high enough for a diagnosis of diabetes
95
Type 1 Diabetes - Definition
Form of diabetes caused by the destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas
96
Type 1 Diabetes - Leads to
little or no insulin secretion
97
Type 1 Diabetes - Develops in
Childhood and requires regular insulin injections
98
Insulin - Definition
A hormone released from the pancreas that allows cells to take up glucose
99
Insulin Resistance - Definition
An inability of muscle tissue to effectively use insulin, where the action of insulin is "resisted" by insulin-sensitive tissues
100
Type 1 Diabetes - Glucose Danger Amount
Without insulin glucose can reach 1,000 mg/dL or higher; resulting in diabetic coma.
101
Diabetes - Benefits of Exercise - 1 of 4
Lowering of blood glucose
102
Diabetes - Benefits of Exercise - 2 of 4
Reduction in body fat
103
Diabetes - Benefits of Exercise - 3 of 4
Cardiovascular health improvement
104
Diabetes - Benefits of Exercise - 4 of 4
Stress reduction
105
Diabetes - Exercise Considerations - 1 of 2
Proper timing of medication and nutrient consumption
106
Diabetes - Exercise Considerations - 2 of 2
Measuring blood glucose levels before and after exercise
| -too many calories and too little insulin can cause hyperglycemia
107
Hyperglycemia - Definition
An abnormally high content of glucose (sugar) in the blood (above 100 mg/dL)
108
Fatty Acid -Definition
A long hydrocarbon chain with an even number of carbons and varying degrees of saturation with hyrogen.
109
Diabetes - Exercise Considerations - 2 of 2
Measuring blood glucose levels before and after exercise
| -too many calories and too little insulin can cause hyperglycemia
110
Hyperglycemia - Definition
An abnormally high content of glucose (sugar) in the blood (above 100 mg/dL)
111
Insulin Reaction (hypoglycemia) - Early Symptoms (6 total)
- anxiety, uneasiness
- irritability
- extreme hunger
- confusion
- headaches
- insomia
112
Hypoglycemia - Definition
A deficiency of glucose in the blood commonly caused by too much insulin, too little glucose, or too much exercise.
113
Insulin Reaction (hypoglycemia) - Response - 1 of 9
Stop the activity immediately
114
Insulin Reaction (hypoglycemia) - Response - 2 of 9
Have the person sit down and check his or her blood glucose level
115
Insulin Reaction (hypoglycemia) - Response - 3 of 9
Have the participant drink orange juice or some other rapidly absorbing carbohydrate
116
Insulin Reaction (hypoglycemia) - Response - 4 of 9
Allow the individual to sit quietly and wait for a response
117
Insulin Reaction (hypoglycemia) - Response - 5 of 9
When the participant feels better, check the blood glucose level again
118
Insulin Reaction (hypoglycemia) - Response - 6 of 9
If the blood glucose level is above 100 mg/dL and the participant feels better, resume activity
119
Insulin Reaction (hypoglycemia) - Response - 7 of 9
Check blood glucose level after 15-30 minutes to reassure that levels are within a safe range
120
Insulin Reaction (hypoglycemia) - Response - 8 of 9
Do not allow the participants to leave the facility until blood glucose levels are within a normal range
121
Insulin Reaction (hypoglycemia) - Response - 9 of 9
If the participant does not improve, seek medical attention immediately
122
High Glycemic Index - Action
Breaks down rapidly, causing a large glucose spike
123
Low Glycemic Index - Action
Breaks down slowly, causing a smaller increase in blood glucose
124
Foods with High Glycemic Index - (5 total)
Greater or equal to 70
- White bread
- Corn flakes
- Graham crackers
- Dried fruit
- Instant white rice
125
Foods with Medium Glycemic Index - (5 total)
Between 56-79
- rye bread
- shredded wheat
- ice cream
- blue berries
- refined pasta
126
Foods with Low Glycemic Index - (5 total)
Less than or equal to 55
- pumpernickel bread
- all bran
- plain yogurt
- strawberries
- oatmeal
127
Safety Tips for Persons with Diabetes - 1 of 10
Optimal timing of exercise periods in relation to meals and insulin dosage
128
Safety Tips for Persons with Diabetes - 2 of 10
Blood glucose levels should remain between 100-200 mg/dL 1 - 2 hours after a meal
129
Safety Tips for Persons with Diabetes - 3 of 10
Insulin may need to be reduced 10-50% when starting an exercise program
130
Safety Tips for Persons with Diabetes - 4 of 10
If blood glucose is lower than 100 mg/dL consume a rapid absorbing carbohydrate to increase blood glucose
131
Safety Tips for Persons with Diabetes - 5 of 10
If blood glucose is greater than 300 mg/dL before exercise make sure insulin or oral hypoglycemic is taken
132
Safety Tips for Persons with Diabetes - 6 of 10
No participant should be allowed to exercise if his or her blood glucose level does not fall to a safe range before exercise
133
Safety Tips for Persons with Diabetes - 7 of 10
Teach participants to check for foot ulcers frequently and seek medical attention if one is found
134
Safety Tips for Persons with Diabetes - 8 of 10
Check blood glucose at the end of the exercise session to make sure the person does not become hyperglycemic
135
Safety Tips for Persons with Diabetes - 9 of 10
Make sure the participant is well-hydrated and drinking water frequently during exercise - especially in hot environments
136
Safety Tips for Persons with Diabetes - 10 of 10
Take care of their foot due to neuropathy. Check for cuts, blisters, and signs of infection. Wear proper shoes and socks during Pilates and yoga to prevent infections.
