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ACE > Cardiac and Pulmonary Conditions, Arthritis and Diabetes > Flashcards

Cardiac and Pulmonary Conditions, Arthritis and Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

Informed Consent - Definition

A

A written statement signed by a participant prior to testing that informs him or her of testing purposes, processes, and all potential risks and discomforts.

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2
Q

On-the Spot Indicators (3 total)

A
  • age
  • posture
  • first-time participants
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3
Q

What percentage are physically fit people less likely to develop high-risk diseases?

A

25-50% less likely

i.e. heart disease and type 2 diabetes

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4
Q

Type 2 Diabetes - Definition

A

Most common form of diabetes; typically developed in adulthood

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5
Q

Type 2 Diabetes - Characterized As

A

A reduced sensitivity of the insulin target cells to available insulin

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6
Q

Type 2 Diabetes - Associated With

A

Obesity

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7
Q

Type 2 Diabetes - AKA

A
  • non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

- Adult-onset diabetes

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8
Q

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) - Definition

A

A general term of any disease of the heart, blood vessels, or circulation.
i.e. Cardiac Disease, vascular disease, and peripheral arterial disease

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9
Q

Peripheral Arterial Disease - Definition

A

All disease caused by the obstruction of large peripheral arteries, which can result from atherosclerosis, inflammatory processes leading to stenosis, an embolism, or thrombus formation.

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10
Q

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) - Definition

A

The major form of cardiovascular disease

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11
Q

Coronary Heart Disease - Result of

A

The coronary arteries narrowing or occulded

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12
Q

Coronary Heart Disease - Caused by

A

Most commonly by atherosclerotic deposits of fibrous and fatty tissue

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13
Q

Atherosclerosis - Definition

A

A specific form of arteriosclerosis characterized by the accumulation of fatty material on the inner walls of the arteries, causing them to harden, thicken, and lose elasticity.

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14
Q

Myocardium - Definition

A

Muscle of the heart

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15
Q

Ischemia - Definition

A

A decrease in the blood supply to a bodily organ, tissue, or part caused by constriction or obstruction of the blood vessels.

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16
Q

Myocardial Infarction (MI) - Definition

A

An episode in which some of the heart’s blood supply is severely cut off or restricted, causing the heart muscle to suffer and die from lack of oxygen. Commonly known as a heart attack.

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17
Q

Stroke - Definition

A

A sudden and often sever attack due to blockage of an artery into the brain.

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18
Q

Peripheral Heart Disease - Definition

A

Circulation disorders that affect blood vessels outside of the heart and brain, most commonly of the lower extremity.

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19
Q

Coronary Heart Disease - Statistic

A
  • Most common cause of sudden death
  • Most common over 65
  • 10x times more common in men
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20
Q

Hypertension - aka

A

High blood pressure

-Elevation of resting blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg

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21
Q

Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) - Definition

A

The pressure exerted by the blood on the vessel walls during ventricular contraction.

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22
Q

Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) - Definition

A

The pressure in the arteries during the relaxation phase (diastole) of the cardiac cycle, indicative of total peripheral resistance.

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23
Q

Hypertension - Statistics

A
  • Approx. 1 billion have it

- 70% of Americans over the age of 75

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24
Q

Baroreceptors - Definition

A

A sensory nerve ending that is stimulated by changes in pressure, as those in the walls of blood vessels.

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25
Q

Nutrients - Definition

A

A component of food needed by the body. There are six classes of nutrients: water, minerals, vitamins, fats, carbohydrates, and protein.

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26
Q

Normal Blood Pressure Range

A

Less than 120/80

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27
Q

Prehypertension Range

A

120-139/80-89

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28
Q

Hypertension STAGE 1 Range

A

140-159/90-99

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29
Q

Hypertension STAGE 2 Range

A

Greater or equal to 160/100

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30
Q

Exercise Considerations for Cardiac Conditions - 1 of 4

A

Emphasize the importance of self-monitoring

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31
Q

Exercise Considerations for Cardiac Conditions - 2 of 4

A

Avoid abruptly changing from lying down or seated to standing, which can elicit orthostatic hypotension, causing dizziness.

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32
Q

Exercise Considerations for Cardiac Conditions - 3 of 4

A

Avoid performing the Valsalva maneuver

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33
Q

Exercise Considerations for Cardiac Conditions - 4 of 4

A

Avoid performing isometric exercise, which elicits a significant rise in BP

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34
Q

Orthostatic Hypotension - Definition

A

A drop in blood pressure associated with rising to an upright position

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35
Q

Valsalva Maneuver - Definition

A

A strong exhaling effort against a closed glottis, which builds pressure in the chest cavity that interferes with the return of the blood to the heart; may deprive the brain of blood and cause light headedness or fainting.

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36
Q

Isometric - Definition

A

A type of muscular contraction in which the muscle is stimulated to generate tension but little or no joint movement occurs.

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37
Q

Asthma - Definition

A

A chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that affects genetically susceptible individuals in response to various environmental triggers such as allergens, viral infection, exercise, cold, and stress.

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38
Q

Asthma - Statistics

A
  • Affects more than 25 million - 6.8 million Americans

- 25% of those suffers are children

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39
Q

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - Definition

A

A condition, such as asthma, bronchitis, or emphysema, in which there is chronic obstruction of air flow.

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40
Q

Pulmonary Condition Exercise Goals - 1 of 6

A

Improved exercise tolerance and performance

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41
Q

Pulmonary Condition Exercise Goals - 2 of 6

A

Alleviation of the magnitude of dyspnea

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42
Q

Pulmonary Condition Exercise Goals - 3 of 6

A

Improved state of mind, emotional state, and quality of life

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43
Q

Pulmonary Condition Exercise Goals - 4 of 6

A

Enhanced ability to perform ADLs

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44
Q

Pulmonary Condition Exercise Goals - 5 of 6

A

Improved gas exchange in the lungs and circulatory system

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45
Q

Pulmonary Condition Exercise Goals - 6 of 6

A

Improved mechanical efficiency of the anatomical structures involved in breathing (lungs, diaphragm, and inspiratory muscles)

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46
Q

Exercise Induced Asthma (EIA) - Definition

A

Transient and reversible airway narrowing triggered by vigorous exercise

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47
Q

EIA Rates of Perceived Exertion Range

A

Greater than of equal 16 on the 6-20 scale

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48
Q

Steps for Managing an Asthma Attack - 1 of 4

A

Rest and Relax

-at least 10 minutes

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49
Q

Steps for Managing an Asthma Attack - 2 of 4

A

Take Medication

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50
Q

Steps for Managing an Asthma Attack - 3 of 4

A

Drink Warm Liquid

  • Drink slowly
  • No cold drinks allowed
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51
Q

Steps for Managing an Asthma Attack - 4 of 4

A

Emergency Care

  • If having doubts
  • If lips or fingernails are turning blue or have shallow breathing
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52
Q

Asthma - Exercise Guidelines - 1 of 6

A

If symptoms arise, physical activity should be limited until they subside

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53
Q

Asthma - Exercise Guidelines - 2 of 6

A

Encourage individuals to utilize an extended warm-up and cool-down

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54
Q

Asthma - Exercise Guidelines - 3 of 6

A

Emphasize hydration before, during, and after exercise (to keep airways moist)

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55
Q

Asthma - Exercise Guidelines - 4 of 6

A

Diaphragmatic or pursed-lip breathing may be beneficial

56
Q

Asthma - Exercise Guidelines - 5 of 6

A

Use RPE and the dyspnea scale to monitor exercise intensity

57
Q

Asthma - Exercise Guidelines - 6 of 6

A

Limit exposure to cold, polluted, of high-allergen environments.

58
Q

Purse-Lip Breathing Technique Steps - 1 of 3

A

Relax the neck and shoulder muscles

59
Q

Purse-Lip Breathing Technique Steps - 2 of 3

A

Breathe in for two seconds through the nose, keeping the mouth closed

60
Q

Purse-Lip Breathing Technique Steps - 3 of 3

A

Breathe out for four seconds through pursed lips (or just twice as long as you breathe in)

61
Q

Diaphragmatic Breathing Technique Steps - 1 of 3

A

From the supine position, have the participants place one hand on the abdomen and one hand on the chest

62
Q

Diaphragmatic Breathing Technique Steps - 2 of 3

A

Teach the participant to inspire with maximal outward movement of the abdomen

63
Q

Diaphragmatic Breathing Technique Steps - 3 of 3

A

Once the participant is comfortable in the supine position, he or she can perform the technique in sitting and standing positions.

64
Q

Arthritis - Definition

A

Inflammation of a joint

65
Q

Arthritis - Statistics

A

Affects more than 50 million adults in the US

66
Q

Arthritis - Common Types (2 total)

A
  • Osteoarthritis (OA)

- Rhematoid Arthritis (RA)

67
Q

Osteoarthritis (OA) - Definition

A

A degenerative disease involving a wearing away of joint cartilage. This degenerative joint disease occurs chiefly in older persons.

68
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) - Definition

A

An autoimmune disease that causes inflammation of connective tissues and joints.

69
Q

Osteoarthritis (OA) -Statistics

A

Approx. 85% of all arthritis cases

70
Q

Osteoarthritis (OA) - Characterized by

A

A degeneration of synovial fluid which progresses into a loss of articular cartilage and the underlying subchondral bone.

71
Q

Osteoarthritis (OA) - Commonly Afflicted Bones (4 total)

A
  • knee
  • hip
  • lumbar spine
  • wrist
72
Q

Osteoarthritis (OA) - Symptoms (4 total)

A
  • localized joint pain
  • stiffness
  • a reduction of ROM
  • atrophy
73
Q

Synovial Fluid - Definition

A

Transparent, viscous lubricating fluid found in joint cavities, bursae, and tendon sheaths.

74
Q

Articular Cartilage - Definition

A

Cartilage covering the ends of the bones inside diathroidial joints; allows the ends of the bones to glide without friction.

75
Q

Subchondral Bone - Definition

A

Bone structure that lies under articular cartilage and contains marrow.

76
Q

Atrophy - Definition

A

A reduction in muscle size (muscle wasting) due to inactivity or immobilization.

77
Q

Osteoarthritis - Exercise Benefits - 1 of 4

A

Helps preserve muscle tissue

78
Q

Osteoarthritis - Exercise Benefits - 2 of 4

A

Improve ROM

79
Q

Osteoarthritis - Exercise Benefits - 3 of 4

A

Improve cardiovascular fitness

80
Q

Osteoarthritis - Exercise Benefits - 4 of 4

A

Maintain a healthy weight

81
Q

Osteoarthritis - Exercise Guidelines - 1 of 10

A

Avoid exercise during flare ups

82
Q

Osteoarthritis - Exercise Guidelines - 2 of 10

A

Stop exercise if joint pain is too sever

83
Q

Osteoarthritis - Exercise Guidelines - 3 of 10

A

Explain that a small amount of joint/muscle pain is normal but reduce volume and intensity if pain is present at higher levels 2 hours later

84
Q

Osteoarthritis - Exercise Guidelines - 4 of 10

A

Perform an adequate warm-up

85
Q

Osteoarthritis - Exercise Guidelines - 5 of 10

A

Start with light aerobic exercise to increase systemic blood flow and body temperature

86
Q

Osteoarthritis - Exercise Guidelines - 6 of 10

A

Dynamic flexibility exercises should be performed to enhance tissue elasticity and further increase joint lubrication

87
Q

Osteoarthritis - Exercise Guidelines - 7 of 10

A

Perform an adequate cool-down, gently taking the joints through their ROM

88
Q

Osteoarthritis - Exercise Guidelines - 8 of 10

A

Water temperatures for aquatic exercise should be between 83-88 degrees to help relax muscles and reduce pain

89
Q

Osteoarthritis - Exercise Guidelines - 9 of 10

A

Start with bilateral exercises and advance to unilateral exercises once strength and technique have been established

90
Q

Osteoarthritis - Exercise Guidelines - 10 of 10

A

Perform activation exercises to target specific areas during the warm-up and body of the class

91
Q

Diabetes Mellitus - Definition

A

A disease of carbohydrate metabolism in which an absolute or relative deficiency of insulin results in an inability to metabolize carbohydrates normally.

92
Q

Diabetes Mellitus - Statistics

A

7th leading cause of death

93
Q

Diabetes Mellitus - Chronic Diseases (6 total)

A
  • CVD
  • Hypertension
  • Stroke
  • Amputations
  • Blindness
  • Kidney Failure
94
Q

Pre-Diabetes - Definition

A

The state in which some but not all of the diagnostic criteria for diabetes are met

i.e. blood glucose levels are higher than normal but are not high enough for a diagnosis of diabetes

95
Q

Type 1 Diabetes - Definition

A

Form of diabetes caused by the destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas

96
Q

Type 1 Diabetes - Leads to

A

little or no insulin secretion

97
Q

Type 1 Diabetes - Develops in

A

Childhood and requires regular insulin injections

98
Q

Insulin - Definition

A

A hormone released from the pancreas that allows cells to take up glucose

99
Q

Insulin Resistance - Definition

A

An inability of muscle tissue to effectively use insulin, where the action of insulin is “resisted” by insulin-sensitive tissues

100
Q

Type 1 Diabetes - Glucose Danger Amount

A

Without insulin glucose can reach 1,000 mg/dL or higher; resulting in diabetic coma.

101
Q

Diabetes - Benefits of Exercise - 1 of 4

A

Lowering of blood glucose

102
Q

Diabetes - Benefits of Exercise - 2 of 4

A

Reduction in body fat

103
Q

Diabetes - Benefits of Exercise - 3 of 4

A

Cardiovascular health improvement

104
Q

Diabetes - Benefits of Exercise - 4 of 4

A

Stress reduction

105
Q

Diabetes - Exercise Considerations - 1 of 2

A

Proper timing of medication and nutrient consumption

106
Q

Diabetes - Exercise Considerations - 2 of 2

A

Measuring blood glucose levels before and after exercise

-too many calories and too little insulin can cause hyperglycemia

107
Q

Hyperglycemia - Definition

A

An abnormally high content of glucose (sugar) in the blood (above 100 mg/dL)

108
Q

Fatty Acid -Definition

A

A long hydrocarbon chain with an even number of carbons and varying degrees of saturation with hyrogen.

109
Q

Diabetes - Exercise Considerations - 2 of 2

A

Measuring blood glucose levels before and after exercise

-too many calories and too little insulin can cause hyperglycemia

110
Q

Hyperglycemia - Definition

A

An abnormally high content of glucose (sugar) in the blood (above 100 mg/dL)

111
Q

Insulin Reaction (hypoglycemia) - Early Symptoms (6 total)

A
  • anxiety, uneasiness
  • irritability
  • extreme hunger
  • confusion
  • headaches
  • insomia
112
Q

Hypoglycemia - Definition

A

A deficiency of glucose in the blood commonly caused by too much insulin, too little glucose, or too much exercise.

113
Q

Insulin Reaction (hypoglycemia) - Response - 1 of 9

A

Stop the activity immediately

114
Q

Insulin Reaction (hypoglycemia) - Response - 2 of 9

A

Have the person sit down and check his or her blood glucose level

115
Q

Insulin Reaction (hypoglycemia) - Response - 3 of 9

A

Have the participant drink orange juice or some other rapidly absorbing carbohydrate

116
Q

Insulin Reaction (hypoglycemia) - Response - 4 of 9

A

Allow the individual to sit quietly and wait for a response

117
Q

Insulin Reaction (hypoglycemia) - Response - 5 of 9

A

When the participant feels better, check the blood glucose level again

118
Q

Insulin Reaction (hypoglycemia) - Response - 6 of 9

A

If the blood glucose level is above 100 mg/dL and the participant feels better, resume activity

119
Q

Insulin Reaction (hypoglycemia) - Response - 7 of 9

A

Check blood glucose level after 15-30 minutes to reassure that levels are within a safe range

120
Q

Insulin Reaction (hypoglycemia) - Response - 8 of 9

A

Do not allow the participants to leave the facility until blood glucose levels are within a normal range

121
Q

Insulin Reaction (hypoglycemia) - Response - 9 of 9

A

If the participant does not improve, seek medical attention immediately

122
Q

High Glycemic Index - Action

A

Breaks down rapidly, causing a large glucose spike

123
Q

Low Glycemic Index - Action

A

Breaks down slowly, causing a smaller increase in blood glucose

124
Q

Foods with High Glycemic Index - (5 total)

A

Greater or equal to 70

  • White bread
  • Corn flakes
  • Graham crackers
  • Dried fruit
  • Instant white rice
125
Q

Foods with Medium Glycemic Index - (5 total)

A

Between 56-79

  • rye bread
  • shredded wheat
  • ice cream
  • blue berries
  • refined pasta
126
Q

Foods with Low Glycemic Index - (5 total)

A

Less than or equal to 55

  • pumpernickel bread
  • all bran
  • plain yogurt
  • strawberries
  • oatmeal
127
Q

Safety Tips for Persons with Diabetes - 1 of 10

A

Optimal timing of exercise periods in relation to meals and insulin dosage

128
Q

Safety Tips for Persons with Diabetes - 2 of 10

A

Blood glucose levels should remain between 100-200 mg/dL 1 - 2 hours after a meal

129
Q

Safety Tips for Persons with Diabetes - 3 of 10

A

Insulin may need to be reduced 10-50% when starting an exercise program

130
Q

Safety Tips for Persons with Diabetes - 4 of 10

A

If blood glucose is lower than 100 mg/dL consume a rapid absorbing carbohydrate to increase blood glucose

131
Q

Safety Tips for Persons with Diabetes - 5 of 10

A

If blood glucose is greater than 300 mg/dL before exercise make sure insulin or oral hypoglycemic is taken

132
Q

Safety Tips for Persons with Diabetes - 6 of 10

A

No participant should be allowed to exercise if his or her blood glucose level does not fall to a safe range before exercise

133
Q

Safety Tips for Persons with Diabetes - 7 of 10

A

Teach participants to check for foot ulcers frequently and seek medical attention if one is found

134
Q

Safety Tips for Persons with Diabetes - 8 of 10

A

Check blood glucose at the end of the exercise session to make sure the person does not become hyperglycemic

135
Q

Safety Tips for Persons with Diabetes - 9 of 10

A

Make sure the participant is well-hydrated and drinking water frequently during exercise - especially in hot environments

136
Q

Safety Tips for Persons with Diabetes - 10 of 10

A

Take care of their foot due to neuropathy. Check for cuts, blisters, and signs of infection. Wear proper shoes and socks during Pilates and yoga to prevent infections.

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