Cardiac and Pulmonary Conditions, Arthritis and Diabetes Flashcards
Informed Consent - Definition
A written statement signed by a participant prior to testing that informs him or her of testing purposes, processes, and all potential risks and discomforts.
On-the Spot Indicators (3 total)
- age
- posture
- first-time participants
What percentage are physically fit people less likely to develop high-risk diseases?
25-50% less likely
i.e. heart disease and type 2 diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes - Definition
Most common form of diabetes; typically developed in adulthood
Type 2 Diabetes - Characterized As
A reduced sensitivity of the insulin target cells to available insulin
Type 2 Diabetes - Associated With
Obesity
Type 2 Diabetes - AKA
- non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
- Adult-onset diabetes
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) - Definition
A general term of any disease of the heart, blood vessels, or circulation.
i.e. Cardiac Disease, vascular disease, and peripheral arterial disease
Peripheral Arterial Disease - Definition
All disease caused by the obstruction of large peripheral arteries, which can result from atherosclerosis, inflammatory processes leading to stenosis, an embolism, or thrombus formation.
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) - Definition
The major form of cardiovascular disease
Coronary Heart Disease - Result of
The coronary arteries narrowing or occulded
Coronary Heart Disease - Caused by
Most commonly by atherosclerotic deposits of fibrous and fatty tissue
Atherosclerosis - Definition
A specific form of arteriosclerosis characterized by the accumulation of fatty material on the inner walls of the arteries, causing them to harden, thicken, and lose elasticity.
Myocardium - Definition
Muscle of the heart
Ischemia - Definition
A decrease in the blood supply to a bodily organ, tissue, or part caused by constriction or obstruction of the blood vessels.
Myocardial Infarction (MI) - Definition
An episode in which some of the heart’s blood supply is severely cut off or restricted, causing the heart muscle to suffer and die from lack of oxygen. Commonly known as a heart attack.
Stroke - Definition
A sudden and often sever attack due to blockage of an artery into the brain.
Peripheral Heart Disease - Definition
Circulation disorders that affect blood vessels outside of the heart and brain, most commonly of the lower extremity.
Coronary Heart Disease - Statistic
- Most common cause of sudden death
- Most common over 65
- 10x times more common in men
Hypertension - aka
High blood pressure
-Elevation of resting blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg
Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) - Definition
The pressure exerted by the blood on the vessel walls during ventricular contraction.
Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) - Definition
The pressure in the arteries during the relaxation phase (diastole) of the cardiac cycle, indicative of total peripheral resistance.
Hypertension - Statistics
- Approx. 1 billion have it
- 70% of Americans over the age of 75
Baroreceptors - Definition
A sensory nerve ending that is stimulated by changes in pressure, as those in the walls of blood vessels.
Nutrients - Definition
A component of food needed by the body. There are six classes of nutrients: water, minerals, vitamins, fats, carbohydrates, and protein.
Normal Blood Pressure Range
Less than 120/80
Prehypertension Range
120-139/80-89
Hypertension STAGE 1 Range
140-159/90-99
Hypertension STAGE 2 Range
Greater or equal to 160/100
Exercise Considerations for Cardiac Conditions - 1 of 4
Emphasize the importance of self-monitoring
Exercise Considerations for Cardiac Conditions - 2 of 4
Avoid abruptly changing from lying down or seated to standing, which can elicit orthostatic hypotension, causing dizziness.
Exercise Considerations for Cardiac Conditions - 3 of 4
Avoid performing the Valsalva maneuver
Exercise Considerations for Cardiac Conditions - 4 of 4
Avoid performing isometric exercise, which elicits a significant rise in BP
Orthostatic Hypotension - Definition
A drop in blood pressure associated with rising to an upright position
Valsalva Maneuver - Definition
A strong exhaling effort against a closed glottis, which builds pressure in the chest cavity that interferes with the return of the blood to the heart; may deprive the brain of blood and cause light headedness or fainting.
Isometric - Definition
A type of muscular contraction in which the muscle is stimulated to generate tension but little or no joint movement occurs.
Asthma - Definition
A chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that affects genetically susceptible individuals in response to various environmental triggers such as allergens, viral infection, exercise, cold, and stress.
Asthma - Statistics
- Affects more than 25 million - 6.8 million Americans
- 25% of those suffers are children
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - Definition
A condition, such as asthma, bronchitis, or emphysema, in which there is chronic obstruction of air flow.
Pulmonary Condition Exercise Goals - 1 of 6
Improved exercise tolerance and performance
Pulmonary Condition Exercise Goals - 2 of 6
Alleviation of the magnitude of dyspnea
Pulmonary Condition Exercise Goals - 3 of 6
Improved state of mind, emotional state, and quality of life
Pulmonary Condition Exercise Goals - 4 of 6
Enhanced ability to perform ADLs
Pulmonary Condition Exercise Goals - 5 of 6
Improved gas exchange in the lungs and circulatory system
Pulmonary Condition Exercise Goals - 6 of 6
Improved mechanical efficiency of the anatomical structures involved in breathing (lungs, diaphragm, and inspiratory muscles)
Exercise Induced Asthma (EIA) - Definition
Transient and reversible airway narrowing triggered by vigorous exercise
EIA Rates of Perceived Exertion Range
Greater than of equal 16 on the 6-20 scale
Steps for Managing an Asthma Attack - 1 of 4
Rest and Relax
-at least 10 minutes
Steps for Managing an Asthma Attack - 2 of 4
Take Medication
Steps for Managing an Asthma Attack - 3 of 4
Drink Warm Liquid
- Drink slowly
- No cold drinks allowed
Steps for Managing an Asthma Attack - 4 of 4
Emergency Care
- If having doubts
- If lips or fingernails are turning blue or have shallow breathing
Asthma - Exercise Guidelines - 1 of 6
If symptoms arise, physical activity should be limited until they subside
Asthma - Exercise Guidelines - 2 of 6
Encourage individuals to utilize an extended warm-up and cool-down
Asthma - Exercise Guidelines - 3 of 6
Emphasize hydration before, during, and after exercise (to keep airways moist)
Asthma - Exercise Guidelines - 4 of 6
Diaphragmatic or pursed-lip breathing may be beneficial
Asthma - Exercise Guidelines - 5 of 6
Use RPE and the dyspnea scale to monitor exercise intensity
Asthma - Exercise Guidelines - 6 of 6
Limit exposure to cold, polluted, of high-allergen environments.
Purse-Lip Breathing Technique Steps - 1 of 3
Relax the neck and shoulder muscles
Purse-Lip Breathing Technique Steps - 2 of 3
Breathe in for two seconds through the nose, keeping the mouth closed
Purse-Lip Breathing Technique Steps - 3 of 3
Breathe out for four seconds through pursed lips (or just twice as long as you breathe in)
Diaphragmatic Breathing Technique Steps - 1 of 3
From the supine position, have the participants place one hand on the abdomen and one hand on the chest
Diaphragmatic Breathing Technique Steps - 2 of 3
Teach the participant to inspire with maximal outward movement of the abdomen
Diaphragmatic Breathing Technique Steps - 3 of 3
Once the participant is comfortable in the supine position, he or she can perform the technique in sitting and standing positions.
Arthritis - Definition
Inflammation of a joint
Arthritis - Statistics
Affects more than 50 million adults in the US
Arthritis - Common Types (2 total)
- Osteoarthritis (OA)
- Rhematoid Arthritis (RA)
Osteoarthritis (OA) - Definition
A degenerative disease involving a wearing away of joint cartilage. This degenerative joint disease occurs chiefly in older persons.
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) - Definition
An autoimmune disease that causes inflammation of connective tissues and joints.
Osteoarthritis (OA) -Statistics
Approx. 85% of all arthritis cases
Osteoarthritis (OA) - Characterized by
A degeneration of synovial fluid which progresses into a loss of articular cartilage and the underlying subchondral bone.
Osteoarthritis (OA) - Commonly Afflicted Bones (4 total)
- knee
- hip
- lumbar spine
- wrist
Osteoarthritis (OA) - Symptoms (4 total)
- localized joint pain
- stiffness
- a reduction of ROM
- atrophy
Synovial Fluid - Definition
Transparent, viscous lubricating fluid found in joint cavities, bursae, and tendon sheaths.
Articular Cartilage - Definition
Cartilage covering the ends of the bones inside diathroidial joints; allows the ends of the bones to glide without friction.
Subchondral Bone - Definition
Bone structure that lies under articular cartilage and contains marrow.
Atrophy - Definition
A reduction in muscle size (muscle wasting) due to inactivity or immobilization.
Osteoarthritis - Exercise Benefits - 1 of 4
Helps preserve muscle tissue
Osteoarthritis - Exercise Benefits - 2 of 4
Improve ROM
Osteoarthritis - Exercise Benefits - 3 of 4
Improve cardiovascular fitness
Osteoarthritis - Exercise Benefits - 4 of 4
Maintain a healthy weight
Osteoarthritis - Exercise Guidelines - 1 of 10
Avoid exercise during flare ups
Osteoarthritis - Exercise Guidelines - 2 of 10
Stop exercise if joint pain is too sever
Osteoarthritis - Exercise Guidelines - 3 of 10
Explain that a small amount of joint/muscle pain is normal but reduce volume and intensity if pain is present at higher levels 2 hours later
Osteoarthritis - Exercise Guidelines - 4 of 10
Perform an adequate warm-up
Osteoarthritis - Exercise Guidelines - 5 of 10
Start with light aerobic exercise to increase systemic blood flow and body temperature
Osteoarthritis - Exercise Guidelines - 6 of 10
Dynamic flexibility exercises should be performed to enhance tissue elasticity and further increase joint lubrication
Osteoarthritis - Exercise Guidelines - 7 of 10
Perform an adequate cool-down, gently taking the joints through their ROM
Osteoarthritis - Exercise Guidelines - 8 of 10
Water temperatures for aquatic exercise should be between 83-88 degrees to help relax muscles and reduce pain
Osteoarthritis - Exercise Guidelines - 9 of 10
Start with bilateral exercises and advance to unilateral exercises once strength and technique have been established
Osteoarthritis - Exercise Guidelines - 10 of 10
Perform activation exercises to target specific areas during the warm-up and body of the class
Diabetes Mellitus - Definition
A disease of carbohydrate metabolism in which an absolute or relative deficiency of insulin results in an inability to metabolize carbohydrates normally.
Diabetes Mellitus - Statistics
7th leading cause of death
Diabetes Mellitus - Chronic Diseases (6 total)
- CVD
- Hypertension
- Stroke
- Amputations
- Blindness
- Kidney Failure
Pre-Diabetes - Definition
The state in which some but not all of the diagnostic criteria for diabetes are met
i.e. blood glucose levels are higher than normal but are not high enough for a diagnosis of diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes - Definition
Form of diabetes caused by the destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas
Type 1 Diabetes - Leads to
little or no insulin secretion
Type 1 Diabetes - Develops in
Childhood and requires regular insulin injections
Insulin - Definition
A hormone released from the pancreas that allows cells to take up glucose
Insulin Resistance - Definition
An inability of muscle tissue to effectively use insulin, where the action of insulin is “resisted” by insulin-sensitive tissues
Type 1 Diabetes - Glucose Danger Amount
Without insulin glucose can reach 1,000 mg/dL or higher; resulting in diabetic coma.
Diabetes - Benefits of Exercise - 1 of 4
Lowering of blood glucose
Diabetes - Benefits of Exercise - 2 of 4
Reduction in body fat
Diabetes - Benefits of Exercise - 3 of 4
Cardiovascular health improvement
Diabetes - Benefits of Exercise - 4 of 4
Stress reduction
Diabetes - Exercise Considerations - 1 of 2
Proper timing of medication and nutrient consumption
Diabetes - Exercise Considerations - 2 of 2
Measuring blood glucose levels before and after exercise
-too many calories and too little insulin can cause hyperglycemia
Hyperglycemia - Definition
An abnormally high content of glucose (sugar) in the blood (above 100 mg/dL)
Fatty Acid -Definition
A long hydrocarbon chain with an even number of carbons and varying degrees of saturation with hyrogen.
Diabetes - Exercise Considerations - 2 of 2
Measuring blood glucose levels before and after exercise
-too many calories and too little insulin can cause hyperglycemia
Hyperglycemia - Definition
An abnormally high content of glucose (sugar) in the blood (above 100 mg/dL)
Insulin Reaction (hypoglycemia) - Early Symptoms (6 total)
- anxiety, uneasiness
- irritability
- extreme hunger
- confusion
- headaches
- insomia
Hypoglycemia - Definition
A deficiency of glucose in the blood commonly caused by too much insulin, too little glucose, or too much exercise.
Insulin Reaction (hypoglycemia) - Response - 1 of 9
Stop the activity immediately
Insulin Reaction (hypoglycemia) - Response - 2 of 9
Have the person sit down and check his or her blood glucose level
Insulin Reaction (hypoglycemia) - Response - 3 of 9
Have the participant drink orange juice or some other rapidly absorbing carbohydrate
Insulin Reaction (hypoglycemia) - Response - 4 of 9
Allow the individual to sit quietly and wait for a response
Insulin Reaction (hypoglycemia) - Response - 5 of 9
When the participant feels better, check the blood glucose level again
Insulin Reaction (hypoglycemia) - Response - 6 of 9
If the blood glucose level is above 100 mg/dL and the participant feels better, resume activity
Insulin Reaction (hypoglycemia) - Response - 7 of 9
Check blood glucose level after 15-30 minutes to reassure that levels are within a safe range
Insulin Reaction (hypoglycemia) - Response - 8 of 9
Do not allow the participants to leave the facility until blood glucose levels are within a normal range
Insulin Reaction (hypoglycemia) - Response - 9 of 9
If the participant does not improve, seek medical attention immediately
High Glycemic Index - Action
Breaks down rapidly, causing a large glucose spike
Low Glycemic Index - Action
Breaks down slowly, causing a smaller increase in blood glucose
Foods with High Glycemic Index - (5 total)
Greater or equal to 70
- White bread
- Corn flakes
- Graham crackers
- Dried fruit
- Instant white rice
Foods with Medium Glycemic Index - (5 total)
Between 56-79
- rye bread
- shredded wheat
- ice cream
- blue berries
- refined pasta
Foods with Low Glycemic Index - (5 total)
Less than or equal to 55
- pumpernickel bread
- all bran
- plain yogurt
- strawberries
- oatmeal
Safety Tips for Persons with Diabetes - 1 of 10
Optimal timing of exercise periods in relation to meals and insulin dosage
Safety Tips for Persons with Diabetes - 2 of 10
Blood glucose levels should remain between 100-200 mg/dL 1 - 2 hours after a meal
Safety Tips for Persons with Diabetes - 3 of 10
Insulin may need to be reduced 10-50% when starting an exercise program
Safety Tips for Persons with Diabetes - 4 of 10
If blood glucose is lower than 100 mg/dL consume a rapid absorbing carbohydrate to increase blood glucose
Safety Tips for Persons with Diabetes - 5 of 10
If blood glucose is greater than 300 mg/dL before exercise make sure insulin or oral hypoglycemic is taken
Safety Tips for Persons with Diabetes - 6 of 10
No participant should be allowed to exercise if his or her blood glucose level does not fall to a safe range before exercise
Safety Tips for Persons with Diabetes - 7 of 10
Teach participants to check for foot ulcers frequently and seek medical attention if one is found
Safety Tips for Persons with Diabetes - 8 of 10
Check blood glucose at the end of the exercise session to make sure the person does not become hyperglycemic
Safety Tips for Persons with Diabetes - 9 of 10
Make sure the participant is well-hydrated and drinking water frequently during exercise - especially in hot environments
Safety Tips for Persons with Diabetes - 10 of 10
Take care of their foot due to neuropathy. Check for cuts, blisters, and signs of infection. Wear proper shoes and socks during Pilates and yoga to prevent infections.
