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PE > C8 - Ethics + Deviance in Sport > Flashcards

C8 - Ethics + Deviance in Sport Flashcards

1
Q

What is Amateurism?

A

Playing for the love of sport rather than financial gain.

E.g., 19th-century upper-class athletes who played without payment.

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2
Q

What is Sportsmanship?

A

Showing respect & fairness in sport.

E.g., a footballer kicking the ball out when an opponent is injured.

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3
Q

What is Gamesmanship?

A

Pushing the rules to gain an advantage without breaking them.

E.g., time-wasting in football or sledging in cricket.

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4
Q

What is Fair Play?

A

Following rules & spirit of the game.

E.g., shaking hands before and after a match.

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5
Q

What is Deviance in Sport?

A

Behaviour that breaks rules or norms of sport.

E.g., doping in athletics.

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6
Q

What is Positive Deviance?

A

Over-adherence to rules but causing harm.

E.g., continuing to play while injured.

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7
Q

What is Negative Deviance?

A

Cheating or intentionally breaking rules.

E.g., diving in football.

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8
Q

What is Voluntary Deviance?

A

An athlete choosing to cheat.

E.g., Lance Armstrong’s doping.

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9
Q

What is Cooperative Deviance?

A

Teams colluding for mutual benefit.

E.g., fixing a match for shared rewards.

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10
Q

What is Enforced Deviance?

A

Pressured into cheating.

E.g., coaches forcing athletes to dope.

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11
Q

What are the causes of Deviance in Sport?

A
  • Pressure to Win
  • Desire for Rewards
  • To Match Competitors
  • Media & Sponsorship Pressure
  • Financial Gain (Bribes, Fixing).
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12
Q

What are the consequences of Deviance in Sport?

A
  • Damage to reputation
  • Bans & fines
  • Loss of medals/titles
  • Loss of endorsements
  • Legal consequences
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13
Q

What causes Violence in Sport?

A
  • Over-Aggression
  • Frustration (Refereeing, Losing)
  • High Stakes (Financial Pressure)
  • Crowd Influence
  • Poor Officiating
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14
Q

What are examples of Violence in Sport?

A
  • Boxing brawls (Mike Tyson biting Evander Holyfield)
  • Zidane’s headbutt in 2006 World Cup Final,
  • Athletes lashing out due to sponsorship pressure
  • Football hooliganism (Hillsborough disaster),
  • Players reacting aggressively to bad calls.
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15
Q

What are strategies to prevent Deviance & Violence in Sport?

A
  • Education
  • Fair Play Campaigns
  • Improved Refereeing
  • Law Enforcement
  • Responsible Media
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16
Q

What are the pros of Performance-Enhancing Drugs (PEDs) in Sport?

A
  • Increased Performance
  • Extended Career
  • Financial Gains
  • Pressure to Succeed
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17
Q

What are the cons of Performance-Enhancing Drugs (PEDs) in Sport?

A
  • Unfair advantage
  • Health risks
  • Stripped titles/medals
  • Legal consequences
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18
Q

Why do athletes take drugs?

A
  • Pressure to win
  • Financial rewards
  • To match competitors
  • Improve performance & recovery
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19
Q

What is a Bribe in sports?

A

Paying someone to influence results.

E.g., match officials accepting money.

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20
Q

What is a Bung in sports?

A

Secret payments in transfer deals.

E.g., football managers taking illegal payments.

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21
Q

What is Match-Fixing?

A

Pre-determined outcome.

E.g., Calciopoli scandal (Juventus 2006).

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22
Q

What is Sports Betting?

A

Legal or illegal gambling on results.

E.g., illegal betting syndicates.

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23
Q

What is Simulation in sports?

A

Faking injury or fouls.

E.g., Neymar rolling around excessively in the World Cup.

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24
Q

What are strategies to stop drug use in sport?

A
  • WADA (World Anti-Doping Agency)
  • Regular & Random Testing
  • Stricter Punishments
  • Stripping Medals
  • Re-testing Programmes
  • Education Programmes
  • Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS)
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25
What type of substance are amphetamines classified as?
CNS stimulants ## Footnote Central Nervous System stimulants
26
What are the known ergogenic effects of stimulants like amphetamines?
* Increased alertness * reduced fatigue * improved reaction time * enhanced endurance ## Footnote These effects help athletes maintain performance during competitions.
27
Why do athletes take stimulants such as amphetamines?
To sustain energy and focus during competition
28
Which types of athletes commonly use stimulants?
* Sprinters * Endurance athletes * Team sports
29
What are common forms of administration for stimulants?
* Pills * Powders * Injections
30
What are some health risks associated with stimulant use?
* Addiction * Cardiovascular strain * Paranoia * Insomnia
31
Who was stripped of a gold medal for using stimulants at the 1988 Seoul Olympics?
Ben Johnson
32
What recent doping case involved a UFC fighter in 2020?
John Jones - Suspended for doping
33
What evasion methods are used to avoid detection of stimulant use?
* Microdosing * Timing doses to avoid detection
34
What are narcotic analgesics used for?
Pain relievers
35
How do narcotic analgesics benefit athletes?
Mask pain - enabling athletes to continue performing despite injuries
36
Which types of athletes commonly use narcotic analgesics?
* Contact sports * Endurance events
37
What are common forms of administration for narcotic analgesics?
* Tablets * Liquids * Injections
38
What health risks are associated with narcotic analgesics?
* Addiction * Respiratory depression * Masking severe injuries
39
Who was banned for using banned substances during the 1994 World Cup?
Diego Maradona
40
What recent case involved a University of Akron football player admitting addiction?
Jeremy Bruce - No sanction but admitted addiction
41
What evasion methods are used for narcotic analgesics?
* Masking substances * Misreporting prescriptions
42
What is blood doping (rEPO) primarily used for?
Increased oxygen delivery to muscles, improved endurance
43
How does blood doping enhance athletic performance?
Enhances aerobic performance
44
Which types of athletes commonly engage in blood doping?
* Long-distance runners * Cyclists
45
What is the common method of administration for blood doping?
Injected intravenously
46
What are the health risks associated with blood doping?
* Increased risk of stroke * Blood clots * Heart attack
47
Who received a lifetime ban and lost 7 Tour de France titles due to blood doping?
Lance Armstrong
48
What recent case involved a cyclist suspended for blood doping in 2023?
Jaroslav Kulhavý - Suspended for 4 years
49
What evasion methods are used in blood doping?
* Using undetectable variants * Manipulating blood samples
50
What are anabolic steroids derived from?
Hormone derivatives
51
What are the known ergogenic effects of anabolic steroids?
* Increased muscle mass * Strength * Recovery
52
Why do athletes use anabolic steroids?
Build muscle, speed up recovery
53
Which types of athletes commonly use anabolic steroids?
* Bodybuilders * Sprinters * Powerlifters
54
What are common forms of administration for anabolic steroids?
* Pills * Creams * Injections
55
What are some health risks associated with anabolic steroid use?
* Liver damage * Heart disease * Hormonal imbalance * Aggression
56
Who was stripped of 5 medals at the 2000 Sydney Olympics for using anabolic steroids?
Marion Jones
57
What recent case involved a middle-distance runner banned for anabolic steroid use in 2021?
Shelby Houlihan - Banned for 4 years
58
What evasion methods are used for anabolic steroids?
* Stacking * Cycling * Using masking agents
59
What is the primary use of diuretics in sports?
Water-removing agent
60
What ergogenic effects do diuretics provide?
Rapid weight loss, dilution of other banned substances
61
Why do athletes use diuretics?
To meet weight categories or mask other substances
62
Which types of athletes commonly use diuretics?
* Boxers * Wrestlers * Weightlifters
63
What are common forms of administration for diuretics?
* Pills * Injections
64
What are some health risks associated with diuretic use?
* Dehydration * Kidney damage * Electrolyte imbalance
65
Who was sanctioned for diuretics in weightlifting in 2016?
Lasha Talakhadze
66
What recent case involved a wheelchair tennis player banned for using diuretics in 2023?
Adeline Bervoux - Two-year ban for use of acetazolamide
67
What evasion methods are used for diuretics?
* Masking agents * Timing doses
68
What are peptide hormones (rHGH) primarily used for?
Stimulates growth, muscle recovery, and fat metabolism
69
How do peptide hormones benefit athletes?
Enhance muscle growth, repair tissues
70
Which types of athletes commonly use peptide hormones?
* Bodybuilders * Recovery-intensive sports
71
What is the common method of administration for peptide hormones?
Injected
72
What are the health risks associated with peptide hormone use?
* Increased cancer risk * Diabetes * Joint disorders
73
Who was suspended for a season in MLB for using peptide hormones in 2013?
Alex Rodriguez
74
What recent case involved a cyclist warned but not suspended for peptide hormone use in 2023?
Katerina Nash - Warned but not suspended
75
What evasion methods are used for peptide hormones?
* Timing injections * Avoiding documentation
76
What are beta blockers primarily used for?
HR regulators
77
What are the known ergogenic effects of beta blockers?
* Reduced anxiety * Steady hands * Improved precision
78
Why do athletes use beta blockers?
To enhance focus and calmness
79
Which types of athletes commonly use beta blockers?
* Archery * Shooting * Golf
80
What are common forms of administration for beta blockers?
Pills
81
What are some health risks associated with beta blocker use?
* Fatigue * Depression * Dizziness * Asthma exacerbation
82
Who was stripped of 2 medals at the 2008 Olympics for using beta blockers?
Kim Jong-su
83
What recent case involved a cyclist receiving a lifetime ban due to repeated doping violations in 2022?
Patrick Sinkewitz
84
What evasion methods are used for beta blockers?
Claiming medical exemptions

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