C2 - Exercise Physiology + Applied Movement Analysis

Question 1

What is the difference between acute and chronic injuries?

Answer 1

• Acute injuries occur suddenly due to trauma (e.g., fractures, sprains).
• Chronic injuries develop over time due to repetitive stress (e.g., tendonitis, stress fractures).

Question 2

Examples of acute injuries?

Answer 2

Sprains, fractures, dislocations, ligament tears.

Question 3

Examples of chronic injuries?

Answer 3

Tendonitis, stress fractures, shin splints.

Question 4

What is a cruciate ligament injury?

Answer 4

A tear in the ACL (anterior) or PCL (posterior). It affects knee stability, often caused by twisting, sudden stops, or direct contact (e.g., in football & rugby).

Question 5

What are the grades of cruciate ligament injuries?

Answer 5

• Grade 1: Mild damage, ligament slightly stretched.
• Grade 2: Partial tear, knee instability.
• Grade 3: Complete rupture, often requires surgery.

Question 6

What is a simple fracture?

Answer 6

A clean break in the bone where the skin remains intact. Common in high-impact sports (rugby, gymnastics).

Question 7

What is a compound fracture?

Answer 7

A bone break that pierces the skin, increasing infection risk. Needs immediate medical attention.

Question 8

What is an Achilles tendon injury?

Answer 8

Tear or rupture of the Achilles tendon, common in explosive movements (sprinting, jumping). Symptoms include sharp pain & inability to push off the foot.

Question 9

What is a sprain?

Answer 9

Overstretching or tearing of a ligament. Common in ankles, knees & wrists. Severity graded as mild (Grade 1), moderate (Grade 2), severe (Grade 3).

Question 10

What is a strain?

Answer 10

Overstretching or tearing of a muscle or tendon. Common in hamstrings, quadriceps, and lower back.

Question 11

What are shin splints?

Answer 11

Inflammation of the tibia (shin bone) due to repeated impact. Common in runners, often caused by improper footwear or running on hard surfaces.

Question 12

What is tendonitis?

Answer 12

Inflammation of a tendon due to repetitive movements. Examples include tennis elbow, golfer’s elbow, rotator cuff tendonitis.

Question 13

What is a stress fracture?

Answer 13

Small cracks in bones due to repetitive impact. Common in runners, gymnasts, and basketball players. Symptoms include localized pain that worsens with activity.

Question 14

What is tendinopathy?

Answer 14

A chronic, degenerative condition of tendons (longer-lasting than tendonitis). Causes stiffness, weakness, and thickening of the tendon.

Question 15

What are intrinsic factors of injury?

Answer 15

Personal factors that increase injury risk:
- Muscle weakness & imbalances
- Poor flexibility or biomechanics
- Previous injury history
- Fatigue & overtraining

Question 16

What are extrinsic factors of injury?

Answer 16

External factors causing injury:
- Contact (e.g., tackles)
- Equipment failure
- Poor playing surfaces
- Weather conditions

Question 17

What strategies help prevent injuries?

Answer 17

• Warm-ups & cooldowns (increase muscle temperature & flexibility).
• Strength & flexibility training (reduces muscle imbalances).
• Protective equipment (shin pads, helmets, gum shields).
• Correct technique (reduces stress on joints & muscles).
• Load management (avoiding overtraining & fatigue).

Question 18

What is RICE?

Answer 18

Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation
- Traditional method for reducing swelling & pain.

Question 19

What is POLICE?

Answer 19

Protect, Optimal Loading, Ice, Compression, Elevation

• Encourages early movement for faster recovery.

Question 20

Pros & cons of RICE vs. POLICE?

Answer 20

• RICE Pros: Quick relief, reduces swelling.
• RICE Cons: Too much rest may weaken muscles.
• POLICE Pros: Encourages movement & better tissue repair.
• POLICE Cons: Hard to determine “optimal loading” for recovery.

Question 21

What is a hyperbaric chamber?

Answer 21

• Delivers 100% oxygen at high pressure.
• Increases oxygen supply to injured tissue, speeds up healing & recovery.
• Used for soft tissue injuries & fractures.

Question 22

What are hypoxic tents?

Answer 22

• Simulate high-altitude conditions, increasing red blood cell production.
• Used for recovery & endurance training.

Question 23

How does ultrasound aid rehabilitation?

Answer 23

• Uses high-frequency sound waves to promote tissue healing.
• Reduces pain, swelling & inflammation.
• Used for muscle, ligament, & tendon injuries.

Question 24

What does physiotherapy involve?

Answer 24

• Manual therapy (massage, joint manipulation).
• Exercise rehabilitation to restore strength & flexibility.
• Helps prevent future injuries.

Question 25

How do saunas & steam rooms help recovery?

Answer 25

• Increase blood flow & muscle relaxation.
• Aid toxin removal and reduce stiffness.
• Used in cool-down & injury recovery.