C3 + C4 - Cardio respiratory + Cardiovascular systems Flashcards
What are the main components of the cardiovascular system?
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
What is the main function of the cardiovascular system?
To transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.
What are the main components of the respiratory system?
The respiratory system consists of the lungs, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.
What is the main function of the respiratory system?
To facilitate gas exchange, supplying oxygen to the blood and removing carbon dioxide.
What are the benefits of a warm-up on the cardiovascular system?
- Gradually increases heart rate.
- Improves blood flow to working muscles.
- Reduces the risk of injury by increasing muscle temperature.
- Improves venous return and stroke volume.
What are the benefits of a warm-up on the respiratory system?
- Increases respiratory rate and tidal volume.
- Enhances oxygen delivery to muscles.
- Improves efficiency of gas exchange in the lungs.
- Reduces oxygen deficit at the start of exercise.
What are the short-term effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system?
- Increased heart rate (HR).
- Increased stroke volume (SV).
- Increased cardiac output (Q = HR × SV).
- Redistribution of blood flow (vascular shunting).
- Increased blood pressure (BP).
What are the short-term effects of exercise on the respiratory system?
- Increased breathing rate (f).
- Increased tidal volume (TV).
- Increased minute ventilation (VE = TV × f).
- Enhanced oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide removal.
What are the long-term adaptations of exercise on the cardiovascular system?
- Cardiac hypertrophy (increased heart size and strength).
- Decreased resting heart rate (bradycardia).
- Increased stroke volume and cardiac output.
- Improved capillarization around muscles/lungs
- Reduced blood pressure at rest.
- Increased blood volume and hemoglobin levels.
- Increased VO2 max
- Increased elasticity of blood vessels
What are the long-term adaptations of exercise on the respiratory system?
- Increased lung capacity and vital capacity.
- Enhanced strength of respiratory muscles (diaphragm and intercostals).
- Improved efficiency of gas exchange.
- Increased alveolar capillarization.
- Reduced respiratory rate at rest.
What is stroke volume (SV)?
Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped out of the heart per beat.
What is cardiac output (Q), and how is it calculated?
Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute. It is calculated as Q = HR × SV.
What is vascular shunting?
Vascular shunting is the redistribution of blood flow during exercise, directing more blood to working muscles and less to non-essential organs.
What is tidal volume (TV)?
Tidal volume is the amount of air inhaled or exhaled in a single breath during normal breathing.
What is minute ventilation (VE), and how is it calculated?
Minute ventilation is the total volume of air moved in or out of the lungs per minute. It is calculated as VE = TV × f (tidal volume × breathing frequency).
What is oxygen uptake (VO₂)?
Oxygen uptake refers to the amount of oxygen the body uses during exercise, which increases with intensity.
How does regular exercise improve VO₂ max?
Regular exercise enhances VO₂ max by improving cardiac output, capillarization, and mitochondrial efficiency in muscles.
What is the role of capillaries in the cardio-respiratory system?
Capillaries facilitate gas exchange between blood and tissues, allowing oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal.
What is the effect of regular exercise on resting heart rate?
Regular exercise decreases resting heart rate due to improved cardiac efficiency and increased stroke volume.
What is the effect of regular exercise on lung function?
Exercise strengthens respiratory muscles, increases lung capacity, and improves oxygen diffusion efficiency.
How does exercise improve capillarization in muscles?
Exercise stimulates the growth of new capillaries (angiogenesis), enhancing oxygen delivery and waste removal.
What is cardiac hypertrophy, and why does it occur with regular exercise?
Cardiac hypertrophy is the enlargement of the heart muscle, particularly the left ventricle, to pump blood more efficiently during exercise.
What happens to blood pressure during and after regular exercise?
During exercise, systolic blood pressure increases. Long-term exercise reduces resting blood pressure, improving cardiovascular health.
How does long-term exercise affect hemoglobin levels?
Long-term exercise increases hemoglobin levels, enhancing the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity.