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PE > C3 + C4 - Cardio respiratory + Cardiovascular systems > Flashcards

C3 + C4 - Cardio respiratory + Cardiovascular systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main components of the cardiovascular system?

A

The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

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2
Q

What is the main function of the cardiovascular system?

A

To transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.

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3
Q

What are the main components of the respiratory system?

A

The respiratory system consists of the lungs, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.

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4
Q

What is the main function of the respiratory system?

A

To facilitate gas exchange, supplying oxygen to the blood and removing carbon dioxide.

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5
Q

What are the benefits of a warm-up on the cardiovascular system?

A
  1. Gradually increases heart rate.
  2. Improves blood flow to working muscles.
  3. Reduces the risk of injury by increasing muscle temperature.
  4. Improves venous return and stroke volume.
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6
Q

What are the benefits of a warm-up on the respiratory system?

A
  1. Increases respiratory rate and tidal volume.
  2. Enhances oxygen delivery to muscles.
  3. Improves efficiency of gas exchange in the lungs.
  4. Reduces oxygen deficit at the start of exercise.
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7
Q

What are the short-term effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system?

A
  1. Increased heart rate (HR).
  2. Increased stroke volume (SV).
  3. Increased cardiac output (Q = HR × SV).
  4. Redistribution of blood flow (vascular shunting).
  5. Increased blood pressure (BP).
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8
Q

What are the short-term effects of exercise on the respiratory system?

A
  1. Increased breathing rate (f).
  2. Increased tidal volume (TV).
  3. Increased minute ventilation (VE = TV × f).
  4. Enhanced oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide removal.
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9
Q

What are the long-term adaptations of exercise on the cardiovascular system?

A
  1. Cardiac hypertrophy (increased heart size and strength).
  2. Decreased resting heart rate (bradycardia).
  3. Increased stroke volume and cardiac output.
  4. Improved capillarization around muscles/lungs
  5. Reduced blood pressure at rest.
  6. Increased blood volume and hemoglobin levels.
  7. Increased VO2 max
  8. Increased elasticity of blood vessels
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10
Q

What are the long-term adaptations of exercise on the respiratory system?

A
  1. Increased lung capacity and vital capacity.
  2. Enhanced strength of respiratory muscles (diaphragm and intercostals).
  3. Improved efficiency of gas exchange.
  4. Increased alveolar capillarization.
  5. Reduced respiratory rate at rest.
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11
Q

What is stroke volume (SV)?

A

Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped out of the heart per beat.

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12
Q

What is cardiac output (Q), and how is it calculated?

A

Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute. It is calculated as Q = HR × SV.

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13
Q

What is vascular shunting?

A

Vascular shunting is the redistribution of blood flow during exercise, directing more blood to working muscles and less to non-essential organs.

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14
Q

What is tidal volume (TV)?

A

Tidal volume is the amount of air inhaled or exhaled in a single breath during normal breathing.

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15
Q

What is minute ventilation (VE), and how is it calculated?

A

Minute ventilation is the total volume of air moved in or out of the lungs per minute. It is calculated as VE = TV × f (tidal volume × breathing frequency).

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16
Q

What is oxygen uptake (VO₂)?

A

Oxygen uptake refers to the amount of oxygen the body uses during exercise, which increases with intensity.

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17
Q

How does regular exercise improve VO₂ max?

A

Regular exercise enhances VO₂ max by improving cardiac output, capillarization, and mitochondrial efficiency in muscles.

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18
Q

What is the role of capillaries in the cardio-respiratory system?

A

Capillaries facilitate gas exchange between blood and tissues, allowing oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal.

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19
Q

What is the effect of regular exercise on resting heart rate?

A

Regular exercise decreases resting heart rate due to improved cardiac efficiency and increased stroke volume.

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20
Q

What is the effect of regular exercise on lung function?

A

Exercise strengthens respiratory muscles, increases lung capacity, and improves oxygen diffusion efficiency.

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21
Q

How does exercise improve capillarization in muscles?

A

Exercise stimulates the growth of new capillaries (angiogenesis), enhancing oxygen delivery and waste removal.

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22
Q

What is cardiac hypertrophy, and why does it occur with regular exercise?

A

Cardiac hypertrophy is the enlargement of the heart muscle, particularly the left ventricle, to pump blood more efficiently during exercise.

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23
Q

What happens to blood pressure during and after regular exercise?

A

During exercise, systolic blood pressure increases. Long-term exercise reduces resting blood pressure, improving cardiovascular health.

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24
Q

How does long-term exercise affect hemoglobin levels?

A

Long-term exercise increases hemoglobin levels, enhancing the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity.

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25
Q

What are alveoli, and what is their role in the respiratory system?

A

Alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. Oxygen diffuses into the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses out.

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26
Q

How does regular exercise affect the strength of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles?

A

Exercise strengthens these muscles, improving breathing efficiency and lung capacity.

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27
Q

Why is oxygen delivery important during exercise?

A

Oxygen delivery supports aerobic respiration, providing energy for sustained activity and delaying fatigue.

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28
Q

What are the factors that affect gaseous exchange?

A
  1. Surface Area of the Alveoli (larger surface area allows more gas exchange).
  2. Thickness of the Alveolar Membrane (thinner membranes enable faster diffusion).
  3. Partial Pressure Gradient (greater differences in partial pressures increase diffusion rates).
  4. Blood Flow to the Alveoli (increased blood flow maintains the gradient for gas exchange).
  5. Ventilation Efficiency (better ventilation ensures constant supply of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide).
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29
Q

What are lung volumes?

A

Lung volumes are the different amounts of air the lungs can hold at various stages of the breathing cycle.

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30
Q

What are the main lung volumes?

A
  1. Tidal Volume (TV): The amount of air taken in or out during normal breathing.
  2. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): The additional air that can be inhaled after a normal breath.
  3. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): The extra air that can be exhaled after a normal breath.
  4. Residual Volume (RV): The air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation.
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31
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

A

Inspiratory reserve volume is the amount of air that can be forcefullu inhaled after a normal tidal breath.

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32
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

A

Expiratory reserve volume is the amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal breath.

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33
Q

What is residual volume (RV)?

A

Residual volume is the amount of air left in the lungs after a maximal exhalation, preventing lung collapse.

34
Q

What are lung capacities?

A

Lung capacities are the sum of two or more lung volumes, reflecting the total amount of air the lungs can hold.

35
Q

What are the main lung capacities?

A
  1. Total Lung Capacity (TLC): The total volume of air the lungs can hold (TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RV).
  2. Vital Capacity (VC): The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a full inhalation (VC = TV + IRV + ERV).
  3. Inspiratory Capacity (IC): The maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal exhalation (IC = TV + IRV).
  4. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal exhalation (FRC = ERV + RV).
36
Q

What is total lung capacity (TLC)?

A

Total lung capacity is the maximum amount of air the lungs can hold, including all volumes (TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RV).

37
Q

What is vital capacity (VC)?

A

Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air a person can exhale after taking a deep breath (VC = TV + IRV + ERV).

38
Q

What is inspiratory capacity (IC)?

A

Inspiratory capacity is the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal exhalation (IC = TV + IRV).

39
Q

What is functional residual capacity (FRC)?

A

Functional residual capacity is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after normal exhalation (FRC = ERV + RV).

40
Q

How does exercise affect lung volumes and capacities?

A

Exercise can improve lung volumes by enhancing respiratory efficiency, increasing tidal volume, and improving the ability to expel air, but does not directly increase residual volume.

41
Q

How are lung volumes and capacities measured?

A

Lung volumes and capacities are measured using spirometry, which records the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during breathing.

42
Q

What is the main function of the heart?

A

The heart pumps blood throughout the body, supplying oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removing waste products.

43
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A
  1. Right Atrium
  2. Right Ventricle
  3. Left Atrium
  4. Left Ventricle
44
Q

What is the role of the right atrium in the heart?

A

The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the superior and inferior vena cava and sends it to the right ventricle.

45
Q

What is the role of the right ventricle in the heart?

A

The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery for oxygenation.

46
Q

What is the role of the left atrium in the heart?

A

The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins and sends it to the left ventricle.

47
Q

What is the role of the left ventricle in the heart?

A

The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body through the aorta.

48
Q

What is the role of the septum in the heart?

A

The septum is a muscular wall that divides the left and right sides of the heart, preventing the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

49
Q

What is the function of the heart valves?

A

The heart valves ensure one-way blood flow through the heart by preventing backflow during contraction and relaxation.

50
Q

What are the names of the four heart valves?

A
  1. Tricuspid Valve
  2. Pulmonary Valve
  3. Bicuspid Valve
  4. Aortic Valve
51
Q

What is the role of the tricuspid valve?

A

The tricuspid valve prevents the backflow of blood from the right ventricle to the right atrium.

52
Q

What is the role of the pulmonary valve?

A

The pulmonary valve prevents the backflow of blood from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle.

53
Q

What is the role of the mitral (bicuspid) valve?

A

The mitral valve prevents the backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium.

54
Q

What is the role of the aortic valve?

A

The aortic valve prevents the backflow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle.

55
Q

How does blood flow through the heart?

A
  1. Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the superior and inferior vena cava.
  2. Blood flows through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.
  3. The right ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery to the lungs.
  4. Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins.
  5. Blood flows through the mitral valve into the left ventricle.
  6. The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood through the aortic valve into the aorta for systemic circulation.
56
Q

What is stroke volume (SV)?

A

Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped by the heart per beat, typically around 70 mL per beat at rest.

57
Q

What is heart rate (HR)?

A

Heart rate is the number of beats the heart makes per minute.

58
Q

What is the sinoatrial (SA) node?

A

The SA node is the heart’s natural pacemaker, located in the right atrium, and initiates electrical impulses that regulate heart rhythm.

59
Q

What is the atrioventricular (AV) node?

A

The AV node receives electrical impulses from the SA node and delays them briefly before transmitting them to the ventricles, allowing the atria to contract first.

60
Q

What is the function of the bundle of His and Purkinje fibers?

A

The bundle of His and Purkinje fibers conduct the electrical impulses from the AV node to the ventricles, stimulating their contraction.

61
Q

What is the role of the coronary arteries?

A

The coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle (myocardium) to ensure it has the energy to pump effectively.

62
Q

How does exercise affect the heart?

A

Exercise increases heart rate and stroke volume, improving cardiac output. Over time, it leads to cardiac adaptations such as lower resting heart rate and improved efficiency.

63
Q

What is the difference between systole and diastole?

A

Systole is the phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and pumps blood, while diastole is the phase when the heart relaxes and fills with blood.

64
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood against the walls of the arteries, typically measured as systolic/diastolic (e.g., 120/80 mmHg).

65
Q

What is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure?

A

Systolic pressure is the pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts, while diastolic pressure is the pressure when the heart is at rest between beats.

66
Q

What is the pericardium?

A
  • Double-layered membrane that surrounds the heart
  • Outer fibrous layer and an inner serous layer
  • Protecting the heart + reducing friction
67
Q

What is the function of the pericardium?

A

The pericardium protects the heart from physical damage, reduces friction during heartbeats, and prevents overexpansion of the heart.

68
Q

What is the myocardium?

A
  • Middle muscular layer of the heart wall
  • Responsible for the heart’s contraction to pump blood
  • Thickest layer of the heart
69
Q

What is the function of the myocardium?

A

The myocardium contracts and generates the force necessary to pump blood throughout the body and lungs.

70
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

The endocardium is the thin, smooth inner layer of the heart, lining the chambers and valves.

71
Q

What is the function of the endocardium?

A

The endocardium reduces friction as blood flows through the heart, helps maintain a smooth lining, and contributes to the regulation of heart valve function.

72
Q

What is the order of the cardiac impulse?

A
  1. Sinoatrial (SA) node: The impulse starts at the SA node, located in the right atrium.
  2. Atrioventricular (AV) node: The electrical impulse travels from the SA node to the AV node, where it is briefly delayed. This delay allows the atria to fully contract and pump blood into the ventricles.
  3. Bundle of His: After the AV node, the impulse travels down the Bundle of His, a collection of fibers that transmits the signal to the ventricles.
  4. Bundle Branches: The impulse splits into the right and left bundle branches, which run along the interventricular septum, sending signals to the right and left ventricles.
  5. Purkinje fibers: The impulse reaches the Purkinje fibers at the bottom of the ventricles, causing the ventricles to contract from the apex upwards, efficiently pumping blood to the lungs and the rest of the body.
73
Q

What is cardiovascular drift + why does it happen?

A
  • Due to prolonged aerobic exercise
    SV gradually decreases + HR increases - CO remains constant
  • Decrease in arterial blood pressure
  • Caused need transfer excess heat to skin surface
74
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A
  • Oxygenated blood
  • Travels to body from heart through aorta
  • Returns via vena cavae (deoxygenated)
75
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A
  • Deoxygenated blood
  • From RA to lungs
  • Returns once oxygenated to heart via pulmonary vein
76
Q

Describe role of proprioceptors flexes?

A
  • Located in muscles
  • Detect muscle stretching + joint angles changing
  • They increase tension in cells which increases HR via cardiac accelerator nerve
77
Q

Describe role of chemoreceptors flexes?

A
  • Located in blood of aorta
  • Detect changes in blood pH, O2, CO2, K+ levels
  • Stimulate changes in HR via cardiac accelerator nerve
78
Q

Describe role of baroreceptors flexes?

A
  • Located aorta
  • Detect change in BP
  • Which increases release acetylcholine to lower HR if eleveted BP
79
Q

What is the Bohr Effect?

A

The Bohr Effect describes how hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen decreases in the presence of higher levels of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and hydrogen ions (H⁺).

80
Q

How does the Bohr Effect help oxygen delievery?

A

In areas with high CO₂ and low pH, such as working muscles, the Bohr Effect allows hemoglobin to release oxygen more easily.

81
Q

Why is the Bohr effect important in exersise?

A

It ensures more oxygen is delivered to muscles that are producing more CO₂ and acid, supporting energy production.

PE (16 decks)

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