C5 - Memory Models

Question 1

What are the three components of memory?

Answer 1

1. Short-Term Sensory Store (STSS): Holds info for 0.25-1 sec.
2. Short-Term Memory (STM): Stores 5-9 items for <30 secs.
3. Long-Term Memory (LTM): Unlimited capacity & permanent.

Question 2

How can memory be enhanced?

Answer 2

• Chunking: Grouping info into larger units.
• Rehearsal: Practicing skills repeatedly.
• Association: Linking new info with existing knowledge.
• Mental imagery: Visualizing movements.
• Meaningfulness: Making info relevant.

Question 3

What is reaction time?

Answer 3

The time from detecting a stimulus to initiating a response.

Question 4

What factors affect reaction time?

Answer 4

• Hick’s Law: More choices = slower reaction time.
• Stimulus intensity: Brighter/faster stimuli reduce reaction time.
• Anticipation: Correct prediction = faster response.
• Psychological refractory period: Delay when reacting to two stimuli.

Question 5

What is Hick’s Law?

Answer 5

Reaction time increases as the number of choices increases (e.g., a goalkeeper reacts slower to a penalty with multiple feint movements).

Question 6

What are the two types of anticipation?

Answer 6

• Temporal anticipation: Predicting when something will happen (e.g., sprinter reacting to the gun).
• Spatial anticipation: Predicting where an action will occur (e.g., goalkeeper guessing penalty direction).

Question 7

What are the key components of Welford’s Model?

Answer 7

• Display: The environment where information is collected.
• Perceptual Mechanism: Selects & filters relevant info.
• Decision-Making Mechanism: Processes info using STM & LTM.
• Effector Control: Sends motor programs to muscles for execution.
• Output: The movement performed.
• Intrinsic & Extrinsic Feedback: Used to improve future actions.

Question 8

What are the components of Whiting’s Model?

Answer 8

• Input Data: Sensory information from the environment.
• Sensory Organs: Detect stimuli (e.g., vision, touch, hearing).
• Perceptual Mechanism: Filters relevant information.
• Translatory Mechanism: Interprets & compares info to memory.
• Effector Mechanism: Sends impulses to muscles.
• Output: The physical response (e.g., kicking a ball).
• Feedback Data: Assesses performance & refines skills.

Question 9

What are the two types of reaction time?

Answer 9

• Simple Reaction Time: Responding to a single stimulus (e.g., 100m sprinter reacting to the starting gun).
• Choice Reaction Time: Responding to multiple stimuli (e.g., footballer reacting to several passing options).

Question 10

What are Movement Time, Reaction Time & Response Time?

Answer 10

• Reaction Time: Time taken to start a movement after detecting a stimulus.
• Movement Time: Time taken to complete the movement.
• Response Time: Reaction Time + Movement Time (Total time to detect & respond).

Question 11

What is the Psychological Refractory Period (PRP)?

Answer 11

A delay in response when two stimuli arrive in quick succession (e.g., a fake shot in basketball causing delayed defensive reaction).

Question 12

What is the Single Channel Hypothesis?

Answer 12

• The brain can only process one stimulus at a time
• If a second stimulus arrives before the first is processed, there is a reaction delay

Question 13

What is Schmidt’s Schema Theory?

Answer 13

A theory suggesting movements are controlled by generalized motor programs (GMPs) instead of fixed patterns.

Question 14

What are the two types of Schema?

Answer 14

Recall Schema (before the movement begins):
1. Knowledge of Environment (recognizing conditions like opponents & surface).
2. Response Specification (deciding movement parameters like force & direction).

Recognition Schema (during/after movement):
3. Sensory Consequences (evaluating feel of movement using proprioception).
4. Response Outcome (comparing actual outcome to expected outcome).

Question 15

What are the stages of the Simple Model of Information Processing?

Answer 15

1. Input: Information received from the environment through external (sight, sound) and internal (proprioception, balance) sources.
2. Decision Making: The brain processes information via Selective Attention & DCR System (Detection, Comparison, Recognition).
3. Response Selection: Choosing the most appropriate response based on the processed information.
4. Response Programming: The chosen response is turned into a set of motor commands that the muscles can execute.
5. Output: The effector mechanism sends signals via the efferent system (motor neurons) to muscles for execution.
6. Feedback: - Intrinsic Feedback: Comes from proprioceptors (internal sensors).
   - Extrinsic Feedback: Comes from an external source (e.g., coach, video analysis).

Question 16

What are the Afferent and Efferent Systems?

Answer 16

• Afferent System: Carries sensory information from the body to the brain (e.g., detecting movement, balance, temperature).
• Efferent System: Carries motor commands from the brain to muscles to execute movement.