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PE > C1 - Muscular Skeletal System > Flashcards

C1 - Muscular Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the key functions of the skeletal system?

A
  1. Support: Framework for the body.
  2. Protection: Shields vital organs (e.g., skull protects the brain).
  3. Movement: Acts as levers for muscles.
  4. Mineral storage: Stores calcium and phosphorus.
  5. Blood cell production: Produces red and white blood cells in bone marrow.
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2
Q

Name the four types of bones and give an example of each.

A
  1. Long: Femur.
  2. Short: Carpals.
  3. Flat: Sternum.
  4. Irregular: Vertebrae.
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3
Q

What are the three types of joints and their characteristics?

A
  1. Fixed (fibrous): No movement, e.g., skull.
  2. Slightly movable (cartilaginous): Limited movement, e.g., vertebrae.
  3. Synovial: Freely movable, e.g., knee.
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4
Q

What are the structural features of synovial joints?

A

Articular cartilage, joint capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, ligaments, and bursae.

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5
Q

Name the three types of synovial joints and provide an example of each.

A
  1. Hinge: Elbow, knee
  2. Ball and socket: Shoulder, hip
  3. Pivot: Neck
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6
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A
  1. Skeletal (voluntary): Attached to bones.
  2. Cardiac: Found in the heart.
  3. Smooth (involuntary): Found in organs like the stomach.
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7
Q

Define agonist and antagonist in muscle movement.

A
  • Agonist: The muscle contracting to produce movement.
  • Antagonist: The muscle relaxing to allow movement.
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8
Q

What are synergists and fixators in muscle movement?

A
  • Synergists: Assist the agonist in movement.
  • Fixators: Stabilize the joint or body part during movement.
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9
Q

Explain the difference between isotonic and isometric contractions.

A
  • Isotonic: Muscle changes length (e.g., lifting weights).
  • Isometric: Muscle length remains constant (e.g., plank hold).
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10
Q

What are the two types of isotonic contractions?

A
  1. Concentric: Muscle shortens, e.g., upward phase of a bicep curl.
  2. Eccentric: Muscle lengthens, e.g., downward phase of a bicep curl.
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11
Q

What are the characteristics of slow-twitch (Type I) muscle fibers?

A

High endurance, fatigue-resistant, rely on aerobic respiration, found in endurance athletes.

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of fast-twitch (Type II) muscle fibers?

A

Produce powerful, explosive movements, fatigue quickly, rely on anaerobic respiration, suited for sprinters.

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13
Q

What are ligaments, and what is their role?

A

Connect bones to bones; provide joint stability.

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14
Q

What are tendons, and what is their role?

A

Connect muscles to bones; transmit the force of muscle contraction to create movement.

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15
Q

What is the role of cartilage in joints?

A

Reduces friction, absorbs shock, and protects bones during movement.

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16
Q

What is the structure and function of the vertebral column?

A
  • Structure: 33 vertebrae divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions.
  • Function: Protects the spinal cord and supports the body’s weight.
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17
Q

Name the major muscles of the upper body and their actions.

A
  1. Deltoids: Shoulder abduction.
  2. Pectorals: Shoulder flexion and adduction.
  3. Biceps: Elbow flexion.
  4. Triceps: Elbow extension.
  5. Latissimus dorsi: Shoulder adduction and extension.
  6. Trapezius: Shoulder elevation.
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18
Q

Name the major muscles of the lower body and their actions.

A
  1. Quadriceps: Knee extension.
  2. Hamstrings: Knee flexion.
  3. Gluteals: Hip extension.
  4. Gastrocnemius: Plantarflexion.
  5. Tibialis anterior: Dorsiflexion.
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19
Q

What is the importance of posture and core stability?

A
  • Posture: Maintains alignment of the body, prevents injury.
  • Core stability: Supports efficient movement and balance.
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20
Q

What are the long-term effects of exercise on the skeletal system?

A

Increased bone density, stronger ligaments and tendons, and reduced risk of osteoporosis.

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21
Q

What are the long-term effects of exercise on the muscular system?

A

Increased muscle strength and size (hypertrophy), improved endurance, and greater resistance to fatigue.

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22
Q

What are the effects of a warm-up on the skeletal system?

A
  1. Increases synovial fluid production, enhancing joint lubrication.
  2. Improves the range of motion in joints.
  3. Reduces the risk of joint injuries by preparing them for movement.
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23
Q

What are the effects of a warm-up on the muscular system?

A
  1. Increases muscle temperature, enhancing elasticity and reducing injury risk.
  2. Improves oxygen delivery to muscles through increased blood flow.
  3. Speeds up nerve transmission, improving reaction times.
  4. Enhances muscle efficiency and contraction strength.
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24
Q

What happens to synovial fluid during exercise?

A

Synovial fluid production increases, becoming less viscous. This improves joint lubrication and reduces friction between articulating surfaces.

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25
Q

How does exercise affect joint mobility in the short term?

A

Increased blood flow to the joint capsule and enhanced synovial fluid production improve the range of motion and flexibility temporarily.

26
Q

What is the effect of exercise on cartilage?

A

Cartilage is compressed and then re-expanded with movement, which helps draw in nutrients from the synovial fluid, maintaining cartilage health.

27
Q

How does exercise impact bones in the short term?

A

Weight-bearing exercise applies stress to bones, which temporarily stimulates osteoblast activity, aiding bone remodeling and strengthening.

28
Q

How does impact or repetitive movement affect the skeletal system?

A

Repetitive or high-impact activities temporarily increase the stress on bones and joints, potentially leading to discomfort if overdone.

29
Q

What happens to muscle fibers during exercise?

A

Muscle fibers experience microtears, especially during resistance exercise, which are repaired during recovery, leading to strength gains over time.

30
Q

What causes the ‘burning’ sensation in muscles during intense exercise?

A

The accumulation of lactic acid and hydrogen ions due to anaerobic respiration causes the burning sensation in working muscles.

31
Q

How does muscle temperature change during exercise?

A

Muscle temperature increases due to higher metabolic activity, improving elasticity, reducing stiffness, and lowering the risk of injury.

32
Q

What happens to blood flow to muscles during exercise?

A

Blood vessels dilate (vasodilation), increasing blood flow to deliver more oxygen, nutrients, and remove waste products such as CO₂ and lactic acid.

33
Q

Why do muscles experience fatigue during exercise?

A

Fatigue occurs due to the depletion of energy stores (ATP and glycogen), a build-up of lactic acid, and insufficient oxygen supply in prolonged or high-intensity activity.

34
Q

What is muscle pump, and how does it help during exercise?

A

The rhythmic contraction and relaxation of muscles compress veins, aiding venous return and enhancing circulation back to the heart.

35
Q

How does exercise affect muscle proprioceptors?

A

Proprioceptors like muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs become more active, enhancing coordination and control of movements during exercise.

36
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A
  1. Hyaline (articular) Cartilage
  2. Yellow Elastic Cartilage
  3. White Fibrocartilage
37
Q

What is the function, property, and location of hyaline cartilage?

A

Function: Reduces friction, absorbs shock, and supports structures.
Properties: Smooth, glassy, and resilient.
Location: Found at the ends of long bones (articular cartilage), ribs (costal cartilage), trachea, and nose.

38
Q

What is the function, property, and location of elastic cartilage?

A

Function: Maintains shape while allowing flexibility.
Properties: Contains elastin fibers, making it flexible and resilient.
Location: Found in the external ear (pinna) and epiglottis.

39
Q

What is the function, property, and location of fibrocartilage?

A

Function: Provides strength, absorbs compressive forces, and resists tension.
Properties: Dense, tough, and contains thick collagen fibers.
Location: Found in intervertebral discs, menisci, and pubic symphysis.

40
Q

Why is cartilage avascular, and how does it receive nutrients?

A

Cartilage lacks blood vessels, so nutrients diffuse through the surrounding synovial fluid or perichondrium to nourish the cells.

41
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

Function: Protects the bone, supplies nutrients, and provides attachment for tendons and ligaments.
Property: Tough, fibrous, and vascularized.
Location: Covers the outer surface of bones (except at joints).

42
Q

What is the epiphyseal disc?

A

Function: Enables bone growth during childhood and adolescence.
Property: Cartilaginous and capable of cell division.
Location: Between the epiphysis and diaphysis in long bones.

43
Q

What is compact bone?

A

Function: Provides strength, protection, and support.
Property: Dense and hard, contains osteons.
Location: Outer layer of bones, especially in the diaphysis of long bones.

44
Q

What is cancellous bone?

A

Function: Absorbs shock, reduces weight, and houses bone marrow for blood cell production.
Property: Porous with a honeycomb structure.
Location: Found in the epiphysis of long bones and interior of flat bones.

45
Q

What is a synovial joint?

A

Function: Allows free movement of bones for various motions like flexion, extension, and rotation.
Property: Contains a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid.
Location: Found in joints like the knee, hip, shoulder, and elbow.

46
Q

What is the function of synovial fluid?

A

Function: Lubricates the joint, reduces friction, and nourishes cartilage.
Property: Clear, viscous fluid secreted by the synovial membrane.
Location: Found within the joint cavity of synovial joints.

47
Q

What is the joint capsule in a synovial joint?

A

Function: Encloses and stabilizes the joint while providing flexibility for movement.
Property: Fibrous outer layer with an inner synovial membrane.
Location: Surrounds the joint cavity of synovial joints.

48
Q

What is the synovial membrane?

A

Function: Produces synovial fluid to lubricate and nourish the joint.
Property: Thin and vascular connective tissue.
Location: Lines the inner surface of the joint capsule.

49
Q

What is articular cartilage, and what is its role in synovial joints?

A

Function: Reduces friction and absorbs shock during movement.
Property: Smooth and made of hyaline cartilage.
Location: Covers the ends of articulating bones in synovial joints.

50
Q

What are ligaments in a synovial joint?

A

Function: Connect bones and provide joint stability.
Property: Strong, elastic connective tissue.
Location: Found surrounding and within synovial joints, such as the ACL in the knee.

51
Q

What are bursae, and what is their function in synovial joints?

A

Function: Reduce friction between tissues, such as tendons, muscles, and bones.
Property: Small, fluid-filled sacs lined by a synovial membrane.
Location: Found near joints, such as the shoulder, elbow, and knee.

52
Q

What is the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC)?

A

The SSC is a natural muscle function combining a rapid stretch (eccentric phase) followed by an explosive contraction (concentric phase) to produce maximum force.

53
Q

What are the three phases of the stretch-shortening cycle?

A
  1. Eccentric Phase: Muscle lengthens under tension, storing elastic energy.
  2. Amortization Phase: Transition between stretch and contraction; must be short to maximize force.
  3. Concentric Phase: Muscle shortens to release stored energy, producing powerful movement.
54
Q

How does the stretch-shortening cycle improve performance?

A

The SSC increases power and efficiency in movements like jumping, sprinting, and throwing by utilizing stored elastic energy and activating the stretch reflex.

55
Q

What happens in the eccentric phase of the stretch-shortening cycle?

A

Function: The muscle lengthens under tension as it absorbs force, storing elastic energy in the connective tissue.
Example: Landing from a jump or lowering a weight.

56
Q

What happens in the amortization phase of the stretch-shortening cycle?

A

Function: This is the brief transition phase between eccentric and concentric actions. A quick phase is crucial to prevent energy loss.
Example: The moment just before a jump after landing.

57
Q

What happens in the concentric phase of the stretch-shortening cycle?

A

Function: The muscle contracts and shortens to release the stored elastic energy, producing a powerful movement.
Example: Jumping upward or pushing off during a sprint.

58
Q

What physical adaptations do skeletal muscles have after long-term flexibility training?

A
  • Inhibition to stretch reflex - muscle spindles lengthen
  • Muscles stretch further before stretch reflex limits flexibility
  • ↑ resting length of skeletal muscle
59
Q

How do you remember order of vertbral column?

A

Collin Thought Lucy Supported Chelsea

Cevical Thorasic Lumber Sacrum Coccyx

60
Q

How do you remember axial skeleton + what is it’s function?

A

Verstappen Stole Sergio’s Ring

Protect vital organs

Vertebral column Skull Sternum Ribs

61
Q

How do you remember the appendicular skeleton + what is it’s function?

A

Hamilton Stole Leclerc’s Apple

Movement

Hip girdle Shoulder girdle Leg bones Arm bones

PE (26 decks)

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