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IB Biology > C.4 Conservation of biodiversity > Flashcards

C.4 Conservation of biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

What are indicator species?

A

A species used to assess a specific environmental condition

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2
Q

Why do indicator species have a limited range of tolerance?

A

As they are sensitive to specific environmental cconditions

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3
Q

Why are indicator species populations a useful mean of monitoring change?

A

Their population growth or reduction indicates changes in the environment

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4
Q

What are lichen susceptible to?

A

Airborne pollutants dissolved in water

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5
Q

What are tubifex worms sensitive to?

A

Concentrations of heavy metals

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6
Q

What are mayfly larva sensitive to?

A

Dissolved oxygen levels in water

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7
Q

What do biotic indices compare?

A

The relative frequency of indicator species?

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8
Q

What do biotic indices provide?

A

An overall assessment of environmental health

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9
Q

How do you calculate a biotic index?

A

(population size of indicator species x tolerance rating of species) / total number of individuals collected

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10
Q

What does a high biotic index indicate?

A

The presence of many pollution sensitive organisms and an unpolluted environment

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11
Q

What does a low biotic index indicate?

A

A polluted environment due to an abundance of pollution tolerant organisms

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12
Q

What does a change in the biotic index over time suggest?

A

A change in the environmental conditions within a given ecosystem

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13
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

The variety and variability of all living organisms in a given ecological area

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14
Q

What can biodiversity be used to refer to? (3)

A

Number of species
Genetic diversity
Habitat variety

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15
Q

What are the two main components that contribute to biodiversity?

A

Species richness and species eveness

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16
Q

What is species richness?

A

The number of different species present in an area

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16
Q

What is species evenness?

A

The relative abundance of the different species in an area

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17
Q

What does more species mean in terms of richness?

A

More richness

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18
Q

What does similar abundance mean in terms of eveness?

A

More evenness

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19
Q

What can the simpson’s reciprocal index be used to measure?

A

The relative biodiversity of a given community

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20
Q

What does the simpsons reciprocal index take into account?

A

The species richness and eveness

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21
Q

What is a high simpsons reciprocal index value indicative of?

A

A stable site with many different niches and low community

High richness and eveness

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22
Q

What does a low simpson’s reciprocal index value indicate?

A

A site with few potential niches where only a few species dominate

Low richness and eveness

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23
Q

When may the simpson reciprocal index value change?

A

In response to an ecological disturbance

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24
Q

What promotes biodiversity better, smaller or larger habitats?

A

Larger habitats

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25
Q

Why do larger habitats promote biodiversity better than smaller habitats?

A

More available niches = less competition

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26
Q

Why do edges of habitats have better biodiversity?

A

As different habitats with different abiotic factors live in close physical proximity

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27
Q

What is the edge effect?

A

The diversity of species within a given environmental changes with proximity to the ecosystems boundaries

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28
Q

What has more competition, edges or central regions?

A

Edges

29
Q

What does the competition in edge habitats restrict?

A

The survival prospects of certain species

30
Q

What can improve genetic diversity in fragmented habitats?

A

Habitat corridors

31
Q

What do habitat corridors do?

A

Connect disparate regions

32
Q

What are the three ways nature reserve habitats are improved for the concentration of biodiversity?

A

Larger is better
Less edge is better
Clustered reserves are better

33
Q

What is the biodiversity of an island typically proportionate to?

A

Island size

34
Q

What do larger islands support and why is that important?

A

Support a greater range of habitats creating more niches for species to occupy

35
Q

What can larger islands sustain and what does that increase?

A

Higher population numbers per species increasing species evenness

36
Q

What do larger islands have greater productivity at and what does it lead to?

A

Each trophic level leading to longer, more stable food chains

37
Q

Why may biodiversity be greater at the border between two species?

A

Different abiotic factors favour certain species

38
Q

If a species cannot thrive at an edge environment where will it be?

A

In the central regions

39
Q

What will the effect of edges on biodiversity be influenced by?

A

Particular conditions caused by the ecological disturbance

40
Q

What is conservation?

A

The maintenance and protection of natural resources

41
Q

What are the two types of conservation?

A

In situ and ex situ

42
Q

What is in situ conservation?

A

The preservation of plant and animal species within their natural habitat

43
Q

What is the typical examples of in situ conservation

A

Nature reserves and natural parks

44
Q

Why may in situ conservation need active management?

A

To ensure an appropriate and sustainable ecological balance is maintained

45
Q

Why may ecological monitoring of species be required in in situ conservation?

A

To ensure viable population levels are maintained

46
Q

Why may interventions be required in in situ conservation?

A

To prevent habitat degradation or competition from invasive species

47
Q

Why may legislation be necessary in in situ conservation?

A

To ensure funding for policing and education

48
Q

What are the main advantages to in situ conservation?

A
  • allows species to live in natural environment
  • maintains animals normal behaviour
  • protects natural habitat from loss
  • provides a place for breeding programs
  • provides a place for scientific study and education
49
Q

Where do offspring aquire skills from?

A

From parents and peers around them

50
Q

Why are in situ conservations good for breeding programs?

A

They provide realistic conditions for reintegration

51
Q

Why is it important to retain the natural habitat for in situ conservation?

A

So it remains available for other endangered species

52
Q

What is ex situ conservation?

A

The preservation of plant and animal species outside their natural habitats

53
Q

When is ex situ typically required?

A

For critically endangered species when urgent intervention is required

54
Q

What are the main advantages of ex situ conservation?

A
  • allows for more control of essential conditions
  • improves chances of successful breeding via artificial methods
55
Q

What are the associated disadvantages of ex situ conservation?

A
  • do not prevent potential destruction of natural habitats
  • species raised in captivity are less likely to be successful in the wild
  • increases inbreeding by restricting gene pool
56
Q

What are three examples of ex situ conservation?

A

Captive breeding
Botanical gardens
Seed banks

57
Q

What is captive breeding?

A

Animals are raised and bred in containment to ensure survival prospects

58
Q

What are botanical gardens?

A

Areas devoted to the collection, cultivation and display of a wide variety of plant species

59
Q

What are seed banks?

A

Secure sites that store and catalogue seeds in order to preserve plant genetic diversity

60
Q

How many indian rhinoceros are there in the wild?

A

3500

61
Q

Why has the number of indian rhinos increased from 2000 since the 1990s?

A

Successful captive breeding programs

62
Q

What are the indian rhinos main threats?

A

Habitat loss and poachers

63
Q

Where are the majority of indian rhinos?

A

In indian protected areas

64
Q

Where is the mountain chicken frog native to?

A

Carribean islands

65
Q

By how much has the population of the mountain chicken frog declined?

A

81%

66
Q

Why has the population of the mountain chicken frog decreased?

A

Due to the fungal disease chytridiomycosis

67
Q

Apart from fungal disease what is another threat to the mountain chicken frog?

A

Human consumption

68
Q

How many mountain chicken frog are in the wild?

A

8000

69
Q

What is the mountain chicken frog classified as?

A

Critically endangered

70
Q

What attempts to save the mountain chicken frog have been made?

A

They have been artificially bred in labs in england before being reintroduced to the wild

IB Biology (57 decks)

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