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IB Biology > C.4 Conservation of biodiversity > Flashcards

C.4 Conservation of biodiversity Flashcards

1
Q

What are indicator species?

A

A species used to assess a specific environmental condition

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2
Q

Why do indicator species have a limited range of tolerance?

A

As they are sensitive to specific environmental cconditions

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3
Q

Why are indicator species populations a useful mean of monitoring change?

A

Their population growth or reduction indicates changes in the environment

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4
Q

What are lichen susceptible to?

A

Airborne pollutants dissolved in water

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5
Q

What are tubifex worms sensitive to?

A

Concentrations of heavy metals

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6
Q

What are mayfly larva sensitive to?

A

Dissolved oxygen levels in water

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7
Q

What do biotic indices compare?

A

The relative frequency of indicator species?

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8
Q

What do biotic indices provide?

A

An overall assessment of environmental health

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9
Q

How do you calculate a biotic index?

A

(population size of indicator species x tolerance rating of species) / total number of individuals collected

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10
Q

What does a high biotic index indicate?

A

The presence of many pollution sensitive organisms and an unpolluted environment

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11
Q

What does a low biotic index indicate?

A

A polluted environment due to an abundance of pollution tolerant organisms

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12
Q

What does a change in the biotic index over time suggest?

A

A change in the environmental conditions within a given ecosystem

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13
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

The variety and variability of all living organisms in a given ecological area

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14
Q

What can biodiversity be used to refer to? (3)

A

Number of species
Genetic diversity
Habitat variety

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15
Q

What are the two main components that contribute to biodiversity?

A

Species richness and species eveness

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16
Q

What is species richness?

A

The number of different species present in an area

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16
Q

What is species evenness?

A

The relative abundance of the different species in an area

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17
Q

What does more species mean in terms of richness?

A

More richness

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18
Q

What does similar abundance mean in terms of eveness?

A

More evenness

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19
Q

What can the simpson’s reciprocal index be used to measure?

A

The relative biodiversity of a given community

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20
Q

What does the simpsons reciprocal index take into account?

A

The species richness and eveness

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21
Q

What is a high simpsons reciprocal index value indicative of?

A

A stable site with many different niches and low community

High richness and eveness

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22
Q

What does a low simpson’s reciprocal index value indicate?

A

A site with few potential niches where only a few species dominate

Low richness and eveness

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23
Q

When may the simpson reciprocal index value change?

A

In response to an ecological disturbance

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24
What promotes biodiversity better, smaller or larger habitats?
Larger habitats
25
Why do larger habitats promote biodiversity better than smaller habitats?
More available niches = less competition
26
Why do edges of habitats have better biodiversity?
As different habitats with different abiotic factors live in close physical proximity
27
What is the edge effect?
The diversity of species within a given environmental changes with proximity to the ecosystems boundaries
28
What has more competition, edges or central regions?
Edges
29
What does the competition in edge habitats restrict?
The survival prospects of certain species
30
What can improve genetic diversity in fragmented habitats?
Habitat corridors
31
What do habitat corridors do?
Connect disparate regions
32
What are the three ways nature reserve habitats are improved for the concentration of biodiversity?
Larger is better Less edge is better Clustered reserves are better
33
What is the biodiversity of an island typically proportionate to?
Island size
34
What do larger islands support and why is that important?
Support a greater range of habitats creating more niches for species to occupy
35
What can larger islands sustain and what does that increase?
Higher population numbers per species increasing species evenness
36
What do larger islands have greater productivity at and what does it lead to?
Each trophic level leading to longer, more stable food chains
37
Why may biodiversity be greater at the border between two species?
Different abiotic factors favour certain species
38
If a species cannot thrive at an edge environment where will it be?
In the central regions
39
What will the effect of edges on biodiversity be influenced by?
Particular conditions caused by the ecological disturbance
40
What is conservation?
The maintenance and protection of natural resources
41
What are the two types of conservation?
In situ and ex situ
42
What is in situ conservation?
The preservation of plant and animal species within their natural habitat
43
What is the typical examples of in situ conservation
Nature reserves and natural parks
44
Why may in situ conservation need active management?
To ensure an appropriate and sustainable ecological balance is maintained
45
Why may ecological monitoring of species be required in in situ conservation?
To ensure viable population levels are maintained
46
Why may interventions be required in in situ conservation?
To prevent habitat degradation or competition from invasive species
47
Why may legislation be necessary in in situ conservation?
To ensure funding for policing and education
48
What are the main advantages to in situ conservation?
- allows species to live in natural environment - maintains animals normal behaviour - protects natural habitat from loss - provides a place for breeding programs - provides a place for scientific study and education
49
Where do offspring aquire skills from?
From parents and peers around them
50
Why are in situ conservations good for breeding programs?
They provide realistic conditions for reintegration
51
Why is it important to retain the natural habitat for in situ conservation?
So it remains available for other endangered species
52
What is ex situ conservation?
The preservation of plant and animal species outside their natural habitats
53
When is ex situ typically required?
For critically endangered species when urgent intervention is required
54
What are the main advantages of ex situ conservation?
- allows for more control of essential conditions - improves chances of successful breeding via artificial methods
55
What are the associated disadvantages of ex situ conservation?
- do not prevent potential destruction of natural habitats - species raised in captivity are less likely to be successful in the wild - increases inbreeding by restricting gene pool
56
What are three examples of ex situ conservation?
Captive breeding Botanical gardens Seed banks
57
What is captive breeding?
Animals are raised and bred in containment to ensure survival prospects
58
What are botanical gardens?
Areas devoted to the collection, cultivation and display of a wide variety of plant species
59
What are seed banks?
Secure sites that store and catalogue seeds in order to preserve plant genetic diversity
60
How many indian rhinoceros are there in the wild?
3500
61
Why has the number of indian rhinos increased from 2000 since the 1990s?
Successful captive breeding programs
62
What are the indian rhinos main threats?
Habitat loss and poachers
63
Where are the majority of indian rhinos?
In indian protected areas
64
Where is the mountain chicken frog native to?
Carribean islands
65
By how much has the population of the mountain chicken frog declined?
81%
66
Why has the population of the mountain chicken frog decreased?
Due to the fungal disease chytridiomycosis
67
Apart from fungal disease what is another threat to the mountain chicken frog?
Human consumption
68
How many mountain chicken frog are in the wild?
8000
69
What is the mountain chicken frog classified as?
Critically endangered
70
What attempts to save the mountain chicken frog have been made?
They have been artificially bred in labs in england before being reintroduced to the wild

IB Biology (57 decks)

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