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IB Biology > 4.1 Species, communities and ecosystems > Flashcards

4.1 Species, communities and ecosystems Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a species?

A

A group of organisms that can potentially interbreed to produce fertile viable offspring

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2
Q

What happens when two different species breed?

A

Normally unable to produce offspring. If they are produced they are usually infertile

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3
Q

What is a population?

A

A group of organisms of the same species that are living in the same area at the same time

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4
Q

What happens to organisms from the same species that live in different regions?

A

They are reproductively isolated and unlikely to interbreed but it is still functionally possible

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5
Q

What is a community?

A

A group of populations living together and interacting with each other within a given area

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6
Q

What is a habitat?

A

The environment where a species normally lives
or the location of a living organism

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6
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

A community and its abiotic environment

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7
Q

What is ecology?

A

The study of the relationship between living organisms or between living organisms and their environment

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8
Q

What are the two ways living organisms can obtain chemical energy?

A

Autotrophs and heterotrophs

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9
Q

What is an autotroph?

A

Synthesises its own organic molecule from simple inorganic substances

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10
Q

How is energy for autotrophs derived?

A

Via sunlight or the oxidation of inorganic molecules

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11
Q

Why are autotrophs often referred to as producers?

A

Because they synthesise their own organic molecules

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12
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

Obtains organic molecules from other organisms dead and alive

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13
Q

Why are heterotrophs called cinsumers?

A

As they cannot produce their own organic molecules and thus obtain it from other sources

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14
Q

What is it called when a unicellular organism can use both form of nutritions of heterotrophs and autotrophs?

A

Mixotrophs

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15
Q

How can species be classified in accordance to?

A

Their mode of nutrition

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16
Q

What are the three methods of heterotrophs?

A

Consumers
Detritivores
Saprotrophs

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17
Q

What do detritivores do?

A

Ingest nonliving organic molecules

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18
Q

What do saprotrophs do?

A

Release digestive enzymes and absorb the external products of digestion

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19
Q

What are the two ways autotrophs derive energy?

A

Photosynthesis and chemosynthesis

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20
Q

What is chemosynthesis?

A

Energy derived from the oxidation of inorganic chemicals

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21
Q

Where do autotrophs obtain their inorganic substances from?

A

The abiotic environment

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22
Q

Where are the nutrients autotrophs needed from?

A

Air, water and soil

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23
Q

What are herbivores?

A

Consumers that feed principally on plant matter

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24
Q

What are carnivores?

A

Consumers that feed principally on animal matter

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25
Q

What are omnivores?

A

Consumers that feed on both plant and animal matter

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26
Q

What are scavengers?

A

Type of consumer that principally feed on dead and decaying carcasses rather than hunting live prey

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27
Q

What is detritus?

A

Dead, particulate organic matter

28
Q

What is humus?

A

The decaying leaf litter intermixed within the topsoil

29
Q

Where do saprotrophs live?

A

In or on non living organic matter

30
Q

Do saprotrophs ingest food?

A

No they do external digestion

31
Q

What are nutrients?

A

Material required by an organism

32
Q

What word is used to describe the supply of inorganic nutrients on earth?

A

Finite

33
Q

Why are inorganic nutrients finite?

A

As new elements cannot simply be created and are in limited supply

34
Q

What is the chain of nutrient cycling?

A

Autotrophs to Heterotrophs to Saprotrophs back to autotrophs

35
Q

What does autotrophs convert inorganic nutrients into?

A

Organic compounds

36
Q

What do heterotrophs use the organic compounds for?

A

Growth and respiration

37
Q

What happens as heterotrophs use organic compounds?

A

Inorganic byproducts are released

38
Q

What happens when an organism dies?

A

Saprotrophs decompose the remains and free inorganic materials into the soil

39
Q

What does the return of inorganic nutrients to the soil ensure?

A

The continual supply of raw materials for the autotrophs

40
Q

What do ecosystems describe?

A

The interaction between biotic and abiotic components

41
Q

What are the three main components required for sustainability in an ecosystem?

A

Energy availability
Nutrient availability
Recycling of wastes

42
Q

What is energy availability?

A

Light from the sun provides the initial energy source for almost all communities

43
Q

What is nutrient availability?

A

Saprotrophic decomposers ensure the constant recycling of inorganic nutrients within an environment

44
Q

What is the recycling of wastes?

A

Certain bacteria can detoxify harmful waste byproducts

45
Q

What are mesocosms?

A

Enclosed environments that allow a small part of a natural environment to be observed under controlled conditions

46
Q

What is a terrarium?

A

A small transparent container where plants or animals are kept and observed

47
Q

What are the three main steps to create a self sustaining terrarium?

A

Building a verdant foundation
Selecting the right plants
Maintaining appropriate conditions

48
Q

What will the presence of two species within a given environment be dependent on?

A

Potential interactions between them

49
Q

If two species are typically found within the same habitat what will they show?

A

A positive association

50
Q

If two species tend not to occur within the same habitat what will they show?

A

A negative association

51
Q

When will species typically show negative association?

A

If there is competition for the same resources

52
Q

What is competitive exclusion?

A

When one species utilises the resources more efficiently precluding survival of the other species

53
Q

What is resource partitioning?

A

When both species may alter their use of the environment to avoid direct competition

54
Q

What happens if two species do not interact?

A

There will be no association and their distribution is independent of each other

55
Q

What is a way that the presence of two species in a given environment can be determined?

A

Using quadrat sampling

56
Q

What is a quadrat?

A

A rectangular frame of known dimensions that is used to establish population densities

57
Q

What are the two ways quadrats can be distrubuted?

A

Randomly or in a pattern

58
Q

What are the two ways species can be counted?

A

Counted or estimated via percentage cover

59
Q

What is quadrat sampling not an effective method for?

A

Motile organisms

60
Q

What is a chi squared test?

A

A test to test the data to determine if there is a statistically significant association between the distribution of two species?

61
Q

What are the five steps for completing a chi squared test?

A
  1. identify hypotheses
  2. construct a table of observed vs expected frequencies
    3/ apply the chi square formuls
  3. determine the degree of freedom
  4. identify the p value
62
Q

What is a null hypothesis?

A

No significant difference

63
Q

What is an alternative hypothesis?

A

There is a significant differences

64
Q

How do you calculate expected frequencies?

A

(row total x column total) / grand total

65
Q

What is the chi squared formula?

A

x2= sum of (O-E)2 / E

66
Q

How do you calculate degrees of freedom?

A

df = (m-1)(n-1)
m = rows
n = columns

67
Q

When is a value considered significant?

A

If there is less than a 5% probability

IB Biology (57 decks)

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