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IB Biology > 2.1 Molecules to metabolism > Flashcards

2.1 Molecules to metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

What is molecular biology?

A

The field of study focussing on investigating biological activity at a molecular level

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2
Q

What regulates biological processes?

A

Enzymes

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3
Q

What controls enzymes expression?

A

Gene activation

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4
Q

What determines changes in activity in biological processes?

A

Signalling molecules

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5
Q

What are the two origins of signalling molecules?

A

Endogenous or exogenous

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6
Q

What is an organic compound?

A

A compound that contains carbon and is found in living things

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7
Q

What are exceptions to organic compounds?

A

Carbides
Carbonates
Oxides of carbon
Cyanides

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8
Q

Why does carbon form the basis of organic life?

A

Its ability to form large and complex molecules via covalent bonding

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9
Q

How many covalent bonds can carbon atoms form?

A

Four

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10
Q

Describe the stability in bonds between carbon atoms?

A

Stable

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11
Q

What do carbon properties allow carbon to form?

A

A wide variety of organic compounds that are chemically stable

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12
Q

How many main classes of carbon compounds are there?

A

Four

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13
Q

What are the main classes of carbon compounds?

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins

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14
Q

What is the most abundant organic compound found in nature?

A

Carbohydrates

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15
Q

What are carbohydrates composed of and in what ratio?

A

C H and O atoms in a ratio of (CH2O)n

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16
Q

What is the principal function of carbohydrates?

A

A source of energy and a short term energy storage option

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17
Q

What is carbohydrates important as?

A

Recognition molecules and as a structural component

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18
Q

What are lipids?

A

Non polar, hydrophobic molecules

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19
Q

What are the three different types of lipids?

A

Simple
Complex
Derived

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20
Q

What are lipids a major component of?

A

Cell membranes as phospholipids and cholesterol

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21
Q

What do lipids also function as?

A

Signalling molecules and long term energy storage molecules

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22
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

Genetic materials of all cells and determines the features of an organism

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23
Q

What does the nucleic acid DNA function as?

A

A master code for protein assembly

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24
Q

What does the nucleic acid RNA play a role in?

A

In the manufacturing of proteins

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25
Q

What percentage of dry weight if cells do proteins make up?

A

Over 50%

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26
Q

What are proteins composed of?

A

C, H, O and N atoms (and some S)

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27
Q

What do proteins do?

A

Function as regulatory molecules involved in catalysis
as structural molecules
play a role in cellular signalling

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28
Q

What is a monomer of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides

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29
Q

What is a monomer of nucleic acid?

A

Nucleotide

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30
Q

What is a monomer of protein?

A

Amino acid

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31
Q

What is a monomer of lipids?

A

Fatty acid

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32
Q

What is a polymer of carbohydrates?

A

Starch

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33
Q

What is a polymer of nucleic acids?

A

Double helix (DNA)

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34
Q

What is a polymer of proteins?

A

Polypeptide

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35
Q

What is a polymer of lipids?

A

Triglyceride

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36
Q

What is a cellular structure of carbohydrates?

A

Granules in chloroplasts

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37
Q

What is a cellular structure of nucleic acids?

A

Chromosome

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38
Q

What is a cellular structure of protein?

A

Intermediate filaments

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39
Q

What is a cellular structure of lipids?

A

Adipose cells

40
Q

What are complex macromolecules composed of?

A

Monomers

41
Q

What are monomers?

A

Smaller recurring subunits

42
Q

Do lipids contain recurring monomers?

A

No they are composed of distinct subunits

43
Q

What are carbohydrates, nucleic acids and proteins all comprised of?

A

Monomeric subunits that join together to form larger polymers

44
Q

What are monosaccharides the building blocks of?

A

Disaccharides and Polysaccharides

45
Q

What type of structure do most monosaccharides form?

A

Ring structures

46
Q

Why do lipids not have a common recurring monomer?

A

Because they have many different classes which differ in structure

47
Q

What do triglycerids, phospholipids and waxes all contain in their overall structure?

A

Fatty acid chains

48
Q

What are fatty acids?

A

Long chains of hydrocarbons that may or may not have double bonds

49
Q

What do amino acids join together to form?

A

Polypeptide chains

50
Q

What does each amino acid consist of?

A

A central carbon connected to an amine group and an opposing carboxyl group

51
Q

What gives different amino acids different properties?

A

A variable group often denoted as R

52
Q

What do nucleotides join together to form?

A

Polynucleotide chains

53
Q

What does each nucleotide consist of?

A

A pentose sugar
A phosphate group
A nitrogenous base

54
Q

What differs between DNA and RNA?

A

The type of sugar and composition of bases

55
Q

What is the structure of complex carbohydrates dependent on?

A

The composition of monomeric subunits

56
Q

What do polysaccharides differ in accordance to?

A

The type of monosaccharide they possess and the way the subunits bond together

57
Q

What can glucose monomers be combined to form?

A

A variety of different polymers like glycogen, cellulose and starch

58
Q

What are simple lipids?

A

Esters of fatty acids and alcohol

59
Q

What are compound lipids?

A

Esters of fatty acids, alcohol and additional groups

60
Q

What are derived lipids?

A

Substances derived from simple or compound lipids

61
Q

What joins amino acids together?

A

Peptide bonds

62
Q

Where do peptide bonds form between?

A

The amine and carboxyl groups of adjacent amino acids

63
Q

What creates a dipeptide?

A

The fusion of two amino acids

64
Q

What does further additions of amino acids result in?

A

The formation of a polypeptide chain

65
Q

What does the subsequent folding of a polypeptide chain depend on?

A

The order of amino acids in a sequence

66
Q

Where do nucleotides form bonds between?

A

The pentose sugar and phosphate group

67
Q

What do the nucleotide bonds form?

A

Long polynucleotide chains

68
Q

In DNA what will pair up to form double strands?

A

Two complementary chains via hydrogen bonding between nitrogenous bases

69
Q

What does the double stranded molecule in DNA twist to form?

A

A double helical arrangement

70
Q

What is vitalism?

A

A doctrine that said organic molecules could only be synthesised by living systems

71
Q

In accordance to vitalism what was it believed living things had to make organic molecules?

A

A certain vital force

72
Q

In accordance to vitalism what was it thought that organic compound possessed?

A

A non physical element lacking from inorganic molecules

73
Q

Why has vitalism been disproven?

A

Because organic molecules can be made artificially

74
Q

In 1828 what did Frederick Woehler heat to create what?

A

He heated inorganic salt to make urea

75
Q

What is urea?

A

A waste product of nitrogen metabolism

76
Q

What did the artificial synthesis of urea show?

A

That organic molecules are not fundamentally different to inorganic molecules

77
Q

What is metabolism?

A

All of the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life

78
Q

What is all of the enzyme catalysed reactions that occur within a cell or organism called?

A

Metabolism

79
Q

What are the two key functions of metabolic reactions?

A

They provide a source of energy for cellular processes
They enable the synthesis and assimilation of new materials for use within the cell

80
Q

What are anabolic reactions?

A

The set of metabolic reactions that build up complex molecules from simpler ones

81
Q

What is the type of reaction that happens in anabolic reaction?

A

Condensation reactions

82
Q

When do condensation reactions occur?

A

When monomers are covalently joined and water is produced as a by-product

83
Q

How are monosaccharides joined via?

A

Glycosidic linkages

84
Q

How are amino acids joined via?

A

Peptide bonds

85
Q

How are glycerol and fatty acids joined via?

A

Ester linkage

86
Q

How are nucleotides joined via?

A

Phosphodiester bonds

87
Q

What is the purpose of anabolism?

A

Synthesising complex molecules from simpler ones

88
Q

Describe the energetics behind anabolism?

A

It uses energy to construct new bonds

89
Q

What do anabolism typically involves, reduction or oxidation reactions?

A

Reduction reactions

90
Q

What is produced in condensation reactions happen?

A

Water

91
Q

What are catabolic reactions?

A

The set of metabolic reactions that break complex molecules down into simpler molecules

92
Q

What does the breakdown of organic molecules via catabolism typically occur via?

A

Hydrolysis reactions

93
Q

What do hydrolysis reactions need and why?

A

The consumption of water molecules to break the bonds within the polymer

94
Q

Describe the energy in catabolism reactions?

A

Releases energy when bonds are broken

95
Q

What do catabolism typically involves, reduction or oxidation reactions?

A

Oxidation reactions

96
Q

What is the mnemonic for catabolism?

A

Break-dancing cat

97
Q

What is the mnemonic for anabolism?

A

Anna the builder

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