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IB Biology > 11.2 Movement > Flashcards

11.2 Movement Flashcards

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1
Q

The ability to move is controlled by which body systems?

A

Skeletal, muscular and nervous system

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2
Q

What is the skeletal system?

A

Consists of bones that act as levers and provide a structure for the muscles to pull

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3
Q

What is the muscular system?

A

Muscles deliver the force required to move one bone in relation to another

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4
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

Delivers signals to the muscles which cause them to contract and create movement

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5
Q

What are skeletons?

A

A rigid framework that provide support and protection for organs

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6
Q

What are the two types of skeleton?

A

Internal and external

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7
Q

What is an internal skeleton called?

A

Endoskeleton

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8
Q

What is an external skeleton called?

A

Exoskeleton

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9
Q

What is the difference between endo and exoskeletons?

A

Endoskeletons consist of numerous bones whereas exoskeletons are comprised of connected segments

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10
Q

How do skeletons facilitate the movement of an organism?

A

They provide a surface for muscle attachment

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11
Q

How are bones connected to other bones?

A

By ligaments

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12
Q

What do bones and exoskeleton move in response to?

A

Muscular contraction

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13
Q

How are bones connected to muscles?

A

Tendons

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14
Q

What are synovial joints?

A

Capsules that surround the articulating surfaces of two bones

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15
Q

What do joints function to do?

A

Maintain structural stability by allowing certain movements but not others

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16
Q

What are the three components of synovial joints?

A

Joint capsule
Cartilage
Synovial fluid

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17
Q

What does the joint capsule do?

A

Seals the joint space and provides stability by restricting the range of possible movements

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18
Q

What does cartilage do?

A

Lines the bone surface to facilitate smoother movement and absorbs shock and distributes load

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19
Q

What does synovial fluid do?

A

Provides oxygen and nutrients to the cartilage as well as lubrication to reduce friction

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20
Q

What are the six main types of synovial joints?

A

Plane joints
Hinge joints
Pivot joints
Condyloid joints
Saddle joints
Ball and socket joints

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21
Q

What is an example of a hinge joint?

A

Elbow joint

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22
Q

Where is the elbow joint located?

A

Between the humerus and radius/ulna

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23
Q

What type of movement is the elbow capable of?

A

Angular movement in one direction

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24
Q

What are the bones in the elbow joint?

A

Humerus
Radius
Ulna

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25
Q

What does the humerus do?

A

Anchors muscle

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26
Q

What does the radius do?

A

Acts as a forearm lever for biceps

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27
Q

What does the ulna do?

A

Acts as a forearm for triceps

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28
Q

What are the muscles in the elbow joint?

A

Biceps
Triceps

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29
Q

What does the biceps do?

A

Bends the forearm (flexion)

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30
Q

What does the triceps do?

A

Straightens the forearm (extension)

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31
Q

What do muscles do?

A

Contract to provide the force required for movement

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32
Q

What types of bone does muscle connect?

A

A static bone to a moving bone

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33
Q

What do skeletal muscles exist in and why?

A

Antagonistic pairs to enable opposing movements

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34
Q

What are three examples of opposing movement?

A

Flexion vs extension
Abduction vs adduction
Protraction vs retraction

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35
Q

What do many insects have that are makes them jump?

A

Hind legs specialised for jumping

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36
Q

What are the three parts of the exoskeleton of the hind leg?

A

Femur - upper leg
Tibia - middle leg
Tarsus - lower leg

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37
Q

What are the two antagonistic muscles that connect the femur and tibia?

A

Flexor tibiae muscle and extensor tibiae muscle

38
Q

What happens when the flexor muscle of the hind legs contracts?

A

The extensor muscle relaxes and the tibia and femur are brought closer together

39
Q

What does retracting the hind quarters prepare for?

A

Pushing off the ground

40
Q

What happens when the extensor muscle contracts?

A

The flexor muscle relaxes and the tibia is pushed away from the femur

41
Q

What does extending the hind quarters do?

A

Causes the insect to jump

42
Q

What does skeletal muscles consist of?

A

Tightly packaged muscular bundles surrounded by connective tissue

43
Q

What does each muscular bundles contain?

A

Multiple muscle fibres

44
Q

How are muscle fibres formed?

A

When individual muscle cells fuse together

45
Q

What do muscle fibres contain?

A

Tubular myofibrils that run the length of the fibre

46
Q

What are myofibrils responsible for?

A

Muscular contractions

47
Q

What does each sarcomere represent?

A

A single contractile unit

48
Q

What are the five ways muscle fibres have specialised functions to facilitate muscle contraction?

A

Multinucleated
Large number of mitochondria
Specialised endoplasmic reticulum
Contain tubular myofibrils made of two different myofilaments
Continuous membrane containing T Tubules

49
Q

Why does muscle fibres have multiple nuclei?

A

Fibres form from the fusion of individual muscle cells and hence have many nuclei

50
Q

Why do muscle fibres have a large number of mitochondria?

A

Because muscle contraction needs ATP hydrolysis

51
Q

How is the endoplasmic reticulum specialised in muscle fibres?

A

It is called sarcoplasmic reticulum and stores calcium ions

52
Q

What are the two types of myofilaments?

A

Thin filament - actin
Thick filament - myosin

53
Q

What is the continuous membrane surrounding the muscle fibre called?

A

The sarcolemma

54
Q

What do myofibrils consist of?

A

Sarcomeres

55
Q

What is the thick filament called?

A

Myosin

56
Q

What does myosin contain and what do they do?

A

Small protruding heads which bind to regions of actin

57
Q

What does the movement of the two filaments together cause?

A

The lengthening and shortening of the sarcomere

58
Q

What holds the myofilaments in place?

A

Z lines

59
Q

What are the dense protein discs that flank each individual sarcomeres called?

A

Z lines

60
Q

What radiates out the Z discs?

A

Actin filaments

61
Q

What helps anchor the central myosin filaments in place?

A

The actin filaments

62
Q

The recurring sarcomeres produce what type of pattern along the length of the skeletal muscle fibres?

A

A striped pattern

63
Q

What colour is the centre of the sarcomere?

A

Darker

64
Q

Why is the centre of the sarcomere darker?

A

Due to an overlap of actin and myosin filaments

65
Q

What colour are the peripheries of the sarcomere?

A

Light

66
Q

Why are the peripheries of the sarcomere lighter?

A

Only actin is in the region

67
Q

Why will the centre of the sarcomere have a slightly lighter central region?

A

Only myosin is present

68
Q

If colouring in the band of sarcomere? (from left to right)

A

Light dark medium dark light

69
Q

What are the four main steps of muscle contraction?

A

Depolarisation and calcium release
Actin and myosin cross bridge formation
Sliding mechanism of actin and myosin filaments
Sarcomere shortening

70
Q

What triggers the release of acetylcholine into the motor end plate?

A

An action potential from a neuron triggers the release

71
Q

What does acetylcholine do?

A

Initiates depolarisation within the sarcolemma

72
Q

How is depolarisation spread through muscle fibres?

A

T tubules

73
Q

What does depolarisation cause?

A

The sarcoplasmic reticulum to release stores of calcium ions

74
Q

What plays a pivotal role in initiating muscular contractions?

A

Calcium ions

75
Q

On actin, what covers the binding sites for the myosin heads?

A

A blocking complex of troponin and tropomyosin

76
Q

What causes the exposing of the binding sites for the myosin heads?

A

Calcium ions bind to troponin and reconfigure the complex

77
Q

What does a cross bridge form between?

A

The myosin heads and the actin filaments

78
Q

What does calcium ions bind to?

A

Troponin

79
Q

What does ATP bind to?

A

The myosin head

80
Q

What does ATP binding to the myosin head do?

A

Breaks the cross-bridge between actin and myosin

81
Q

What does ATP hydrolysis do?

A

Causes the myosin heads to change position and swivel and moves them towards the next actin binding site

82
Q

What does the myosin heads do to the new actin sites?

A

Bind to them and return to their original conformation

83
Q

What does the reorientation of the myosin heads do to the actin?

A

Drags the actin along the length of the myosin in a sliding mechanism

84
Q

What are the actin filaments anchored to?

A

Z lines

85
Q

What pulls the Z lines closer together?

A

The dragging of actin

86
Q

What does pulling the Z lines closer together do?

A

Shortens the sarcomere

87
Q

What happens as the individual sarcomeres become shorter in length?

A

The muscle fibres as a whole contracts

88
Q

What happens when the calcium ions binf to troponin?

A

Tropomyosin moves

89
Q

What breaks the cross bridge?

A

ATP

90
Q

What is released when myosin heads return to their original configuration?

A

ADP + Pi

IB Biology (57 decks)

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