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IB Biology > 11.3 The kidney and osmoregulation > Flashcards

11.3 The kidney and osmoregulation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is excretion?

A

The removal from the body of the waste products of metabolic activity

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2
Q

What are the two key6 functions an excretory system performs?

A
  • removes nitrogenous wastes that may be toxic to the body in large concentrations
  • removes excess water to maintain osmolarity in the body
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3
Q

How are nitrogenous wastes produced?

A

From the breakdown of nitrogen containing compounds - amino acids/nucleotides

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4
Q

Why must excess levels of nitrogenous waste be eliminated from the body?

A

Nitrogenous wastes are toxic to the body

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5
Q

What is correlated with the evolutionary history of the animal and the habitat?

A

Type of nitrogenous waste in animals

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6
Q

What do most aquatic animals eliminate their nitrogenous waste as?

A

Ammonia

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7
Q

Why can ammonia be effectively flushed by animals in aquatic habitats?

A

As it is water soluble

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8
Q

How do mammals eliminate their nitrogenous waste as ?

A

Urea

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9
Q

How are nitrogenous waste eliminated from reptiles and birds?

A

Uris acid

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10
Q

What is a downside of Uris acid?

A

Requires more energy to make

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11
Q

What is a downside of Uris acid?

A

Requires more energy to make

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12
Q

What are the good things about Uric acid?

A

relatively non toxic and requires less water to flush

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13
Q

Why are water levels constantly changing?

A

As a result of metabolic activity

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14
Q

How is water produced?

A

Via condensation reactions

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15
Q

How is water consumed?

A

During hydrolysis reactions

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16
Q

What will impact tissue viability?

A

The concentration of water within cells

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17
Q

What are the two types of animals in accordance to how they manage their internal osmotic conditions?

A

Osmoconformers or osmoregulators

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18
Q

What are osmoconformers?

A

Osmoconformers maintain internal conditions that are equal to the osmolarity of their environment

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19
Q

What are osmoregulators?

A

Osmoregulators keep their body’s osmolarity constant regardless of environmental conditions

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20
Q

By matching osmotic conditions to the environment, what do osmoconformers minimise?

A

Water movement in and out of cells

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21
Q

What is a more energy intensive process, Osmoconformers and osmoregulators?

A

Osmoregulation

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22
Q

What are osmoconformers affected by?

A

Environmental conditions

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23
Q

In mammals is the excretory system separate from the digestive system of the animal?

A

Yes

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24
Q

In insects, is the excretory system separate from the digestive system?

A

No it is connected

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25
Q

What is the excretory system in insects?

A

Malpighian tubules

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26
Q

What is the hemolymph in insects?

A

A circulating fluid system

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27
Q

Where do Malpighian tubules branch off from?

A

The intestinal tract

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28
Q

What do Malpighian tubules actively uptake and from where?

A

Nitrogenous wastes and water from the hemolymph

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29
Q

Where and why do the Malpighian tubules pass the materials onto?

A

The gut to combine with the digested food products

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30
Q

What are reabsorbed into the hemolymph?

A

Solutes, water and salts

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31
Q

Where are materials reabsorbed into the hemolymph?

A

At the hindgut

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32
Q

In insects, where are nitrogenous wastes and undigested food materials excreted?

A

Via the anus

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33
Q

What do the kidneys function as?

A

The bloods filtration and water balancing system

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34
Q

What does the kidneys remove?

A

Metabolic wastes for excretion

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35
Q

How does blood enter the kidneys?

A

Via the renal artery

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36
Q

How does blood exit the kidney?

A

Via the renal vein

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37
Q

What filters the blood?

A

Nephrons

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38
Q

What do nephrons produce?

A

Urine

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39
Q

How is urine transported from the kidneys?

A

Via the ureter

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40
Q

Where is urine store prior to excretion?

A

Bladder

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41
Q

What filters the blood and eliminates wastes?

A

Nephrons

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42
Q

What will the blood in the renal vein have in comparison to the renal artery?

A
  • less urea
  • less water and solutes/ions
  • less glucose and oxygen
  • more carbon dioxide
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43
Q

Will the blood in the renal artery be different to the blood in the renal vein?

A

Yes

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44
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

The nephron

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45
Q

What are the four components of the nephron?

A
  • bowman’s capsule
  • proximal convoluted tubule
  • loop of Henle
  • distal convoluted tubule
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46
Q

What us the bowman’s capsule?

A

First part of the nephron where blood is initially filtered from to form filtrate

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47
Q

What is the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Folded structure connected to the bowman’s capsule where selective reabsorption occurs

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48
Q

What is the loop of Henle?

A

A selectively permeable loop that descend into the medulla and establishes a salt gradient

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49
Q

What is the distal convoluted tubule?

A

A folded structure connected to the loop of Henle where further selective reabsorption occurs

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50
Q

How does the blood to be filtered enter the bowman’s capsule?

A

Via an afferent arteriole

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51
Q

How does the blood leave the bowman’s capsule?

A

Via an efferent arteriole

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52
Q

Where is the blood filtered within the bowman’s capsule?

A

The glomerulus

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53
Q

What does the efferent arteriole form?

A

A blood network called the vasa recta

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54
Q

What does the vase recta do?

A

Reabsorbs components of the filtrate from the nephron

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55
Q

What does each nephron connect to?

A

A collecting duct

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56
Q

How does each nephron connect to a collecting duct?

A

Via the distal convoluted tubule

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57
Q

What does collecting duct feed into?

A

The renal pelvis

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58
Q

Why are collecting ducts not considered to be a part of a single nephron?

A

The collecting ducts are shared by nephrons

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59
Q

What is the function of nephrons?

A

To filter blood and then reabsorb useful materials from the filtrate before eliminating the remainder as urine

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60
Q

What are the three stages of the functions of the nephrons?

A

Ultrafiltration
Selective reabsorption
Osmoregulation

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61
Q

How does the nephron do ultrafiltration?

A

Blood is filtered out of the glomerulus at the bowman’s capsule to form filtrate

62
Q

How do the nephrons do the selective reabsorption?

A

Usable materials are reabsorbed in convoluted tubules

63
Q

How does the nephron do Osmoregulation?

A

The loop of Henle establishes a salt gradient, which draws water out of the collecting duct

64
Q

What is the order of processes in nephron functions alongside the specific structures?

A

Bowman’s capsule - ultrafiltration
Proximal tubule - selective reabsorption
Loop of Henle - Osmoregulation
Distal tubule - selective reabsorption
Collecting duct - osmosregulation

65
Q

What is ultrafiltration?

A

The first of three processes by which metabolic wastes are separated from the blood and urine is formed

66
Q

What is the non-specific filtration of the blood under high pressure?

A

Ultrafiltration

67
Q

Where does ultrafiltration occur?

A

In the bowman’s capsule

68
Q

What does the bowman’s capsule encapsulate?

A

The glomerulus

69
Q

What is the inner surface of cells of the bowman’s capsule called?

A

Podocytes

70
Q

What are the cellular extensions of Podocytes called?

A

Pedicels

71
Q

What do pedicels do?

A

Wrap around the blood vessels of the glomerulus

72
Q

What is between the Podocytes and the glomerulus?

A

A glycoprotein matrix called the basement membrane

73
Q

What does the basement membrane do?

A

Filters the blood

74
Q

How can blood freely exit the glomerulus?

A

Glomerular blood vessels are fenestrated (have pores)

75
Q

What does the gaps in the Podocytes between their pedicels allow?

A

For fluid to move freely into the nephron

76
Q

What is the sole filtration barrier within the nephron?

A

The basement membrane

77
Q

What does the basement membrane restrict?

A

The passage of blood cells and large proteins

78
Q

Why does the basement restrict the passage of blood cells and large proteins?

A

It is size selective

79
Q

When the blood is filtered what does filtrate formed not contain?

A

Any blood cells
Platelets
Plasma proteins

80
Q

How does ultrafiltration optimise filtration?

A

As it involves blood being forced at high pressure against the basement membrane

81
Q

How does the glomerulus create a high hydrostatic pressure?

A

By having a wide afferent arteriole and a narrow efferent arteriole

82
Q

Is it easier for blood to enter or exit the glomerulus?

A

Enter

83
Q

What does the fact that blood is easy to enter but difficult to exit the glomerulus increase?

A

Pressure within the glomerulus

84
Q

What increases the glomerulus surface area available for filtration?

A

How the glomerulus forms extensive narrow branches

85
Q

What does the net pressure gradient within the glomerulus force?

A

Blood into the capsule space

86
Q

What does selective reabsorption involve the reuptake of?

A

Useful substances from the filtration

87
Q

Where does the majority of the selective reabsorption occur?

A

In the proximal convoluted tubule

88
Q

What does the proximal convoluted tubule have to increase the surface area for material absorption from the filtrate?

A

A microvilli cell lining

89
Q

How thick is the tubule?

A

SIngle cell thick

90
Q

How is the tubule connected by?

A

Tight junctions

91
Q

What do the tight junctions function to create?

A

A thin tubular surface with no gaps

92
Q

Why is there a large number of mitochondria within the tubule cells?

A

As reabsorption involves active transport

93
Q

Where are substances actively transported?

A

Across the apical membrane

94
Q

What is the apical membrane?

A

Membrane of the tubule cells facing the tubular lumen

95
Q

In selective reabsorption where do substances passively diffuse across?

A

The basolateral membrane

96
Q

What is the basolateral membrane?

A

Membrane of tubule cells facing the blood

97
Q

What do the tubules reabsorb?

A

All glucose, amino acids, vitamins, hormones, water and most mineral ions

98
Q

How are mineral ions and vitamins transported?

A

By protein pumps and carrier proteins

99
Q

How are glucose and amino acids transported across the apical membrane?

A

Co-transported with sodium

100
Q

How does water follow the movement of the mineral ions?

A

Passively via osmosis

101
Q

What is Osmoregulation?

A

The control of the water balance of the blood, tissue or cytoplasm of a living organism

102
Q

Where does Osmoregulation occur?

A

In the medulla of the kidney

103
Q

What are the two key events of Osmoregulation?

A
  • Loop of Henle establishes a salt gradient in the medulla
  • ADH regulates the level of water reabsorption in the collecting duct
104
Q

What is the function of the loop of Henle?

A

To create a hypertonic concentration in the tissue fluid of the medulla

105
Q

What is the descending limb of the loop of Henle permeable to?

A

Water but not salts

106
Q

What is the ascending limb of they loop of Henle permeable to?

A

Salts but not water

107
Q

As the loop descends into the medulla what will the interstitial fluid become?

A

More salty and hypertonic

108
Q

In what direction does the vasa recta blood network that surrounds the loop of Henle flow?

A

In the opposite direction

109
Q

How does the counter current of the vasa recta further establish a salt gradient?

A

It helps salt released from the ascending limbs are drawn down into the medulla

110
Q

What do the hypertonic conditions of the medulla draw out and how?

A

Water by osmosis

111
Q

When is water drawn out by osmosis in water reabsorption?

A

As the collecting duct passes through the medulla

112
Q

What controls the amount of water released from the collecting ducts and retained by the body?

A

ADH

113
Q

When is ADH released?

A

In response to dehydration

114
Q

Where is ADH released from?

A

The posterior pituitary

115
Q

What detects dehydration?

A

Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus

116
Q

How does ADH increase the permeability of collecting duct to water?

A

By upregulating production of aquaporins

117
Q

What does the upregulation of aquaporins mean?

A

Less water remains in the filtrate
Urine becomes concentrated and the individual urinates less

118
Q

What happens to an individuals ADH levels that is suitably hydrated?

A

ADH levels decrease and less water is reabsorbed

119
Q

How to remember when ADH is produced?

A

ADH is produced when you Are DeHydrated

120
Q

What cannot be maintained if water levels drop or increase without regulation?

A

Homeostasis

121
Q

What is dehydration?

A

A loss of water from the body such that body fluids become hypertonic

122
Q

What will happen when an individual is dehydrated?

A

They will experience thirst
excrete small amounts of heavily concentrated urine
Blood pressure will drop and heart rate increases
Become lethargic and unable to lower body temperature

123
Q

What is overhydration?

A

When the over-consumption of water makes body fluids hypotonic

124
Q

What will individuals do in an effort to remove water from the body?

A

Produce excessive quantities of clear urine

125
Q

What will hypotonic body fluids cause cells to do?

A

Swell which can cause cell lysis and tissue damage

126
Q

What symptoms can overhydration cause?

A

headaches and disrupted nerve functions

127
Q

What will animals in desert environments need more of than animals in moist environments?

A

More efficient water conservation

128
Q

How can water conversation be improved by having?

A

A longer loop of henle

129
Q

What does having a longer loop of henle increase?

A

The salt gradient in the medulla

130
Q

What does a greater salt gradient in the medulla mean more of?

A

More water is reabsorbed by the collecting ducts and urine is concentrated

131
Q

What is positively correlated with the degree of water conservation in animals?

A

The length of the loop of henle

132
Q

Describe the loops of henle in animals living in moist environments?

A

Short loops of henle that don’t descend deeply into the medulla

133
Q

Describe the loops of henle in animals living in arid environments?

A

Long loops of henle that descend deeply into the medulla

134
Q

What type of nephrons will animals in moist environments have?

A

Cortical nephrons

135
Q

What type of nephrons will animals in arid environments have?

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons

136
Q

What will individuals with kidney diseases demonstrate?

A

A reduced glomerular filtration rate

137
Q

What do kidneys prevent?

A

The excretion of blood cells and proteins as well as glucose

138
Q

What materials can be used as an indicator of disease if present in urine?

A

Glucose
Proteins
Blood cells
Drugs/toxins

139
Q

What does the presence of glucose in urine indicate?

A

Diabetes

140
Q

What does the presence of proteins in urine indicate?

A

Disease or hormonal conditions

141
Q

What does the presence of blood cells in urine indicate?

A

A variety of diseases, infections and cancer

142
Q

What is kidney dialysis?

A

The external filtering of blood in order to remove metabolic wastes in patients with kidney failures

143
Q

In dialysis what is blood pumped through?

A

A dialyzer

144
Q

What are the two key functions of dialyzers that are common to biological membranes?

A
  • contains a porous membrane that is semi-permeable
  • introduces fresh dialysis fluid and removes wastes to maintain an appropriate concentration gradient
145
Q
A
146
Q

How often is kidney dialysis treatment?

A

3 times a week and for 4 hours

147
Q

What is the best long term treatment for kidney function?

A

Kidney transplant

148
Q

What must happen in order to minimise the potential for graft rejection?

A

Donors must typically be a close genetic match

149
Q

How is the transplanted kidney grafted into the abdomen?

A

With arteries, veins and ureter connected to the recipients vessels

150
Q

Can you survive with just one kidney?

A

Yes

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