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IB Biology > 2.6 Structure of DNA and RNA > Flashcards

2.6 Structure of DNA and RNA Flashcards

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1
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

The genetic material of the cell

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2
Q

What are nucleic acids composed of?

A

Nucleotides

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3
Q

What are the three main components of each nucleotide?

A

5-carbon pentose sugar
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous base

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4
Q

What shape is a 5-carbon pentose sugar depicted as?

A

Pentagon

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5
Q

What shape is a phosphate group depicted as?

A

Circle

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6
Q

What shape is a nitrogenous base depicted as?

A

Rectangle

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7
Q

What is attached to the central pentose sugar?

A

The phosphate group and the nitrogenous base

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8
Q

Specifically, what is the nitrogenous base attached to?

A

The 1’ carbon (right point)

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9
Q

Specifically what is the phosphate group attached to?

A

The 5’ carbon (left point)

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10
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acids present in cells?

A

DNA and RNA

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11
Q

What is the more stable form of nucleic acids in cells?

A

DNA

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12
Q

What is the double stranded nucleic acid?

A

DNA

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13
Q

What does DNA do?

A

Stores the genetic blueprint for cells

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14
Q

What is the more versatile nucleic acid in cells?

A

RNA

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15
Q

What is the single stranded nucleic acid?

A

RNA

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16
Q

What does RNA do?

A

Transfers the genetic information for decoding

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17
Q

Where do you find the key differences between DNA and RNA?

A

In the different composition of DNA and RNA nucleotides

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18
Q

What are the three key structural differences between DNA and RNA?

A

Number of strands present
Composition of nitrogenous bases
Type of pentose sugar

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19
Q

What is the pentose sugar in DNA?

A

Deoxyribose

20
Q

What is the pentose sugar in RNA?

A

Ribose

21
Q

What are the four base composition of DNA?

A

Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)

22
Q

What are the four base composition of RNA?

A

Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
Uracil (U)

23
Q

How many strands of DNA is there?

A

Two

24
Q

How many strands of RNA is there?

A

One

25
Q

What does the double stranded DNA form?

A

A double helix

26
Q

What are nucleic acids linked into?

A

Single strands

27
Q

How are nucleic acids linked via?

A

Via condensation reactions

28
Q

Where does the phosphate group attach to the sugar of another nucleotide?

A

At the 3’ hydroxyl group

29
Q

What is the by product of the phosphodiester bond?

A

Water

30
Q

What does successive condensation reactions result in?

A

The formation of long nucleotide strands

31
Q

How are the two polynucleotide chains held together?

A

Via hydrogen bonding

32
Q

Where does hydrogen bonding occur?

A

Between complementary nitrogenous bases

33
Q

What does adenine pair with?

A

Thymine

34
Q

What does cytosine pair with?

A

Guanine

35
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are between Adenine and Thymine?

A

Two

36
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are between Guanine and Cytosine?

A

Three

37
Q

What must the strands be doing in order for the bases to be facing each other and able to pair?

A

The strands must be running in opposite directions

38
Q

What do the atoms do as the antiparallel chains lengthen?

A

The atoms will organise themselves into the most stable energy configuration

39
Q

What does the atomic arrangement result in?

A

The double stranded DNA in a double helix

40
Q

Who proposed the structural organisation of the DNA molecule?

A

Watson and Crick

41
Q

What did the model of watson and crick show?

A

DNA strands are anti parallel and a double helix
DNA strands pair via complementary base pairing
Outer edges of bases remain exposed

42
Q

What were the errors of the first trials of watson and crick?

A

a triple helix
bases were on the outside and sugar phosphates residues in the centre
Nitrogenous bases were not configured correctly and did not show complementarity

43
Q

What did the final construction of a correct DNA molecules owed to?

A

The xray crystallography data created by rosalind franklin

44
Q

What did Franklins data confirm?

A

The arrangement of the DNA strands into a helical structure

45
Q

What was the scandal behind Rosalind frankiln?

A

The data was shared without her permission and massively contributed to the final design

IB Biology (57 decks)

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