1.2 Ultrastructure of cells Flashcards
What are prokaryotes?
Organisms whose cells lack a nucleus
What kingdom do prokaryotes belong to?
Monera
What are the two domains of prokaryotes?
Archaebacteria and eubacteria
What are archaebacteria?
Found in extreme environments like high temperatures, salt conditions and pH
What are eubacteria?
Traditional bacteria including most pathogenic forms
What are the nine typical cellular components in prokaryotes?
Cytoplasm
Nucleoid
Plasmids
Ribosomes
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Slime capsule
Flagella
Pili
What is the cytoplasm?
Internal fluid component of the cell
What is the nucleoid?
Region of the cytoplasm where the DNA is located
What are plasmids?
Autonomous circular DNA molecules that may be transferred between bacteria
What are ribosomes?
Complexes of RNA and protein that are responsible for polypeptide synthesis
What is the cell membrane?
Semi permeable and selective barrier surrounding the cell
What is the cell wall?
Rigid outer covering which maintains shape and prevents bursting
What is the slime capsule?
A thick polysaccharide layer used for protection against drying out and phagocytosis
What is the flagella?
Long slender projections containing a motor protein that enables movement
What is pili?
Hair like extensions that enable adherence to surfaces or mediate bacterial conjugation
What is binary fission?
A form of asexual reproduction used by prokaryotic cells
What is the first stage in the process of binary fissison?
The circular DNA is copied in response to a replication signal
What is the second step in binary fission?
The two DNA loops attach to the membrane
What is the final step of binary fission?
The membrane elongates and pinches off which forms two cells
What are eukaryotes?
Organisms whose cells contain a nucleus
Where did eukaryotes come form?
Prokaryotic cells
What are eukaryotes compartmentalised by?
Organelles
What are organelles?Protista
Membrane bound structures that perform specific roles
What are the four kingdoms of eukaryotes?
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
What are protista?
Unicellular organisms or multicellular organisms without specialised tissue
What are fungi?
Have a cell wall made of chitin and obtain nutrition via heterotrophic absorption
What are plantae?
Have a cell wall made of cellulose and obtain nutrition autotrophically
What are animalia?
No cell wall and obtain nutrition via heterotrophic ingestion
What are the twelve structures of an animal cell?
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Cytosol
Ribosomes
Cytoskeleton
Mitochondria
Peroxisome
Golgi apparatus
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
Smooth ER
Rough ER
What are the eleven typical structures of a plant cell?
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Vacuole
Chloroplast
Plasma membrane
Cell wall
Golgi apparatus
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Rough ER
Smooth ER