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IB Biology > 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells > Flashcards

1.2 Ultrastructure of cells Flashcards

1
Q

What are prokaryotes?

A

Organisms whose cells lack a nucleus

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2
Q

What kingdom do prokaryotes belong to?

A

Monera

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3
Q

What are the two domains of prokaryotes?

A

Archaebacteria and eubacteria

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4
Q

What are archaebacteria?

A

Found in extreme environments like high temperatures, salt conditions and pH

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5
Q

What are eubacteria?

A

Traditional bacteria including most pathogenic forms

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6
Q

What are the nine typical cellular components in prokaryotes?

A

Cytoplasm
Nucleoid
Plasmids
Ribosomes
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Slime capsule
Flagella
Pili

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7
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

Internal fluid component of the cell

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8
Q

What is the nucleoid?

A

Region of the cytoplasm where the DNA is located

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9
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Autonomous circular DNA molecules that may be transferred between bacteria

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10
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Complexes of RNA and protein that are responsible for polypeptide synthesis

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11
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

Semi permeable and selective barrier surrounding the cell

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12
Q

What is the cell wall?

A

Rigid outer covering which maintains shape and prevents bursting

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13
Q

What is the slime capsule?

A

A thick polysaccharide layer used for protection against drying out and phagocytosis

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14
Q

What is the flagella?

A

Long slender projections containing a motor protein that enables movement

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15
Q

What is pili?

A

Hair like extensions that enable adherence to surfaces or mediate bacterial conjugation

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16
Q

What is binary fission?

A

A form of asexual reproduction used by prokaryotic cells

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17
Q

What is the first stage in the process of binary fissison?

A

The circular DNA is copied in response to a replication signal

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18
Q

What is the second step in binary fission?

A

The two DNA loops attach to the membrane

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19
Q

What is the final step of binary fission?

A

The membrane elongates and pinches off which forms two cells

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20
Q

What are eukaryotes?

A

Organisms whose cells contain a nucleus

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21
Q

Where did eukaryotes come form?

A

Prokaryotic cells

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22
Q

What are eukaryotes compartmentalised by?

A

Organelles

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23
Q

What are organelles?Protista

A

Membrane bound structures that perform specific roles

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24
Q

What are the four kingdoms of eukaryotes?

A

Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

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25
What are protista?
Unicellular organisms or multicellular organisms without specialised tissue
26
What are fungi?
Have a cell wall made of chitin and obtain nutrition via heterotrophic absorption
27
What are plantae?
Have a cell wall made of cellulose and obtain nutrition autotrophically
28
What are animalia?
No cell wall and obtain nutrition via heterotrophic ingestion
29
What are the twelve structures of an animal cell?
Nucleolus Nucleus Cytosol Ribosomes Cytoskeleton Mitochondria Peroxisome Golgi apparatus Lysosome Plasma membrane Smooth ER Rough ER
30
What are the eleven typical structures of a plant cell?
Ribosomes Mitochondria Vacuole Chloroplast Plasma membrane Cell wall Golgi apparatus Nucleus Nucleolus Rough ER Smooth ER
31
What are the three universal organelles?
Ribosomes Cytoskeleton Plasma membrane
32
What is the structure of ribosomes?
Two subunits made of RNA and protein
33
What size are ribosomes in eukaryotes?
80s
34
What size are ribosomes in prokaryotes?
70s
35
What is the function of ribosomes?
Site of polypeptide synthesis
36
What is the structure of the cytoskeleton?
A filamentous scaffolding within the cytoplasm
37
What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
Provides internal structure and mediates intracellular transport
38
What is the structure of the plasma membrane?
Phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins
39
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
Semi permeable and selective barrier surrounding the cell
40
What are the eukaryotic organelles found in both plant and animal cells?
Nucleus Smooth ER Rough ER Golgi apparatus Mitochondrion Peroxisome Centrosome
41
What is the structure of the nucleus?
Double membrane structure with pores Contains an inner region called a nucleolus
42
What is the function of the nucleus?
Stores genetic material as chromatin
43
What is the function of the nucleolus?
The site of ribosome assembly
44
What is the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
A membrane network that is bare
45
What is the structure of the rough ER?
A membrane network that is studded with ribosomes
46
What is the function of the smooth ER?
Transports lipids between organelles
47
What is the function of the rough ER?
Transports proteins between organelles
48
What is the structure of the golgi apparatus?
An assembly of vesicles and folded membranes located near the cell membrane
49
What is the function of the golgi apparatus?
Involved in the sorting, storing, modification and export of secretory products
50
What is the structure of mitochondrion?
Double membrane structure, inner membrane highly folded into internal cristae
51
What is the function of mitochondrion?
Site of aerobic respiration/ATP production
52
What is the structure of peroxisome?
Membranous sac containing a variety of catabolic enzymes
53
What is the function of peroxisome?
Catalyses breakdown of toxic substances and other metabolites
54
What is the structure of the centrosome?
Microtubule organising centre
55
What is the function of the centrosome?
Radiating microtubules form spindle fibres and contribute to cell division
56
What are the three organelles present only in animal cells?
Chloroplast Vacuole Cell wall
57
What is the structure of chloroplast?
Double membrane structure with internal stacks of thylakoids
58
What is the function of chloroplast?
Site of photosynthesis Manufactured organic molecules are stored in various plastids
59
What is the structure of the vacuole?
Fluid filled internal cavity surrounded by a membrane
60
What is the function of the vacuole?
Maintains hydrostatic pressure
61
What is the structure of the cell wall? - plant
External outer covering made of cellulose
62
What is the only animal cell only organelle?
Lysosome
63
What is the structure of the lysosome?
Membranous sacs filled with hydrolytic enzymes
64
What is the function of the cell wall?
Provides support and mechanical strength prevents excess water uptake
65
What is the function of the lysosome?
Breakdown/hydrolysis of macromolecules
66
What do electron microscopes use to magnify and resolve microscopic specimens?
Electron beams focused by electromagnets
67
What do transmission electron microscopes do?
Generate high resolution cross sections of objects
68
What do scanning electron microscopes do?
Display enhanced depth to map the surface of objects in 3D
69
What are the two key advantages of electron microscopes when compared to light microscopes?
- higher range of magnification - higher resolution
70
What are the disadvantage of electron microscopes?
They cannot display living specimens in natural colours
71
What is a micrograph?
A photo or digital image taken through a microscope to show a magnified image of a specimen
72
When talking about micrographs, why may specific shapes vary?
Depending on the location of cross sections
73
What do cells with many mitochondria typically undertake?
Energy consuming processes
74
What do cells with extensive ER networks typically undertake?
Secretory activities
75
What do cells rich in lysosomes typically do?
Digestive processes
76
What do cells with a lot of chloroplast typically do?
Photosynthesis

IB Biology (57 decks)

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