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IB Biology > 1.2 Ultrastructure of cells > Flashcards

1.2 Ultrastructure of cells Flashcards

1
Q

What are prokaryotes?

A

Organisms whose cells lack a nucleus

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2
Q

What kingdom do prokaryotes belong to?

A

Monera

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3
Q

What are the two domains of prokaryotes?

A

Archaebacteria and eubacteria

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4
Q

What are archaebacteria?

A

Found in extreme environments like high temperatures, salt conditions and pH

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5
Q

What are eubacteria?

A

Traditional bacteria including most pathogenic forms

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6
Q

What are the nine typical cellular components in prokaryotes?

A

Cytoplasm
Nucleoid
Plasmids
Ribosomes
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Slime capsule
Flagella
Pili

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7
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

Internal fluid component of the cell

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8
Q

What is the nucleoid?

A

Region of the cytoplasm where the DNA is located

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9
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Autonomous circular DNA molecules that may be transferred between bacteria

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10
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Complexes of RNA and protein that are responsible for polypeptide synthesis

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11
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

Semi permeable and selective barrier surrounding the cell

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12
Q

What is the cell wall?

A

Rigid outer covering which maintains shape and prevents bursting

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13
Q

What is the slime capsule?

A

A thick polysaccharide layer used for protection against drying out and phagocytosis

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14
Q

What is the flagella?

A

Long slender projections containing a motor protein that enables movement

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15
Q

What is pili?

A

Hair like extensions that enable adherence to surfaces or mediate bacterial conjugation

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16
Q

What is binary fission?

A

A form of asexual reproduction used by prokaryotic cells

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17
Q

What is the first stage in the process of binary fissison?

A

The circular DNA is copied in response to a replication signal

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18
Q

What is the second step in binary fission?

A

The two DNA loops attach to the membrane

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19
Q

What is the final step of binary fission?

A

The membrane elongates and pinches off which forms two cells

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20
Q

What are eukaryotes?

A

Organisms whose cells contain a nucleus

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21
Q

Where did eukaryotes come form?

A

Prokaryotic cells

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22
Q

What are eukaryotes compartmentalised by?

A

Organelles

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23
Q

What are organelles?Protista

A

Membrane bound structures that perform specific roles

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24
Q

What are the four kingdoms of eukaryotes?

A

Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

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25
Q

What are protista?

A

Unicellular organisms or multicellular organisms without specialised tissue

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26
Q

What are fungi?

A

Have a cell wall made of chitin and obtain nutrition via heterotrophic absorption

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27
Q

What are plantae?

A

Have a cell wall made of cellulose and obtain nutrition autotrophically

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28
Q

What are animalia?

A

No cell wall and obtain nutrition via heterotrophic ingestion

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29
Q

What are the twelve structures of an animal cell?

A

Nucleolus
Nucleus
Cytosol
Ribosomes
Cytoskeleton
Mitochondria
Peroxisome
Golgi apparatus
Lysosome
Plasma membrane
Smooth ER
Rough ER

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30
Q

What are the eleven typical structures of a plant cell?

A

Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Vacuole
Chloroplast
Plasma membrane
Cell wall
Golgi apparatus
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Rough ER
Smooth ER

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31
Q

What are the three universal organelles?

A

Ribosomes
Cytoskeleton
Plasma membrane

32
Q

What is the structure of ribosomes?

A

Two subunits made of RNA and protein

33
Q

What size are ribosomes in eukaryotes?

34
Q

What size are ribosomes in prokaryotes?

35
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Site of polypeptide synthesis

36
Q

What is the structure of the cytoskeleton?

A

A filamentous scaffolding within the cytoplasm

37
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

Provides internal structure and mediates intracellular transport

38
Q

What is the structure of the plasma membrane?

A

Phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins

39
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

A

Semi permeable and selective barrier surrounding the cell

40
Q

What are the eukaryotic organelles found in both plant and animal cells?

A

Nucleus
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion
Peroxisome
Centrosome

41
Q

What is the structure of the nucleus?

A

Double membrane structure with pores
Contains an inner region called a nucleolus

42
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Stores genetic material as chromatin

43
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

The site of ribosome assembly

44
Q

What is the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

A membrane network that is bare

45
Q

What is the structure of the rough ER?

A

A membrane network that is studded with ribosomes

46
Q

What is the function of the smooth ER?

A

Transports lipids between organelles

47
Q

What is the function of the rough ER?

A

Transports proteins between organelles

48
Q

What is the structure of the golgi apparatus?

A

An assembly of vesicles and folded membranes located near the cell membrane

49
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A

Involved in the sorting, storing, modification and export of secretory products

50
Q

What is the structure of mitochondrion?

A

Double membrane structure, inner membrane highly folded into internal cristae

51
Q

What is the function of mitochondrion?

A

Site of aerobic respiration/ATP production

52
Q

What is the structure of peroxisome?

A

Membranous sac containing a variety of catabolic enzymes

53
Q

What is the function of peroxisome?

A

Catalyses breakdown of toxic substances and other metabolites

54
Q

What is the structure of the centrosome?

A

Microtubule organising centre

55
Q

What is the function of the centrosome?

A

Radiating microtubules form spindle fibres and contribute to cell division

56
Q

What are the three organelles present only in animal cells?

A

Chloroplast
Vacuole
Cell wall

57
Q

What is the structure of chloroplast?

A

Double membrane structure with internal stacks of thylakoids

58
Q

What is the function of chloroplast?

A

Site of photosynthesis
Manufactured organic molecules are stored in various plastids

59
Q

What is the structure of the vacuole?

A

Fluid filled internal cavity surrounded by a membrane

60
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

A

Maintains hydrostatic pressure

61
Q

What is the structure of the cell wall? - plant

A

External outer covering made of cellulose

62
Q

What is the only animal cell only organelle?

63
Q

What is the structure of the lysosome?

A

Membranous sacs filled with hydrolytic enzymes

64
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Provides support and mechanical strength prevents excess water uptake

65
Q

What is the function of the lysosome?

A

Breakdown/hydrolysis of macromolecules

66
Q

What do electron microscopes use to magnify and resolve microscopic specimens?

A

Electron beams focused by electromagnets

67
Q

What do transmission electron microscopes do?

A

Generate high resolution cross sections of objects

68
Q

What do scanning electron microscopes do?

A

Display enhanced depth to map the surface of objects in 3D

69
Q

What are the two key advantages of electron microscopes when compared to light microscopes?

A
  • higher range of magnification
  • higher resolution
70
Q

What are the disadvantage of electron microscopes?

A

They cannot display living specimens in natural colours

71
Q

What is a micrograph?

A

A photo or digital image taken through a microscope to show a magnified image of a specimen

72
Q

When talking about micrographs, why may specific shapes vary?

A

Depending on the location of cross sections

73
Q

What do cells with many mitochondria typically undertake?

A

Energy consuming processes

74
Q

What do cells with extensive ER networks typically undertake?

A

Secretory activities

75
Q

What do cells rich in lysosomes typically do?

A

Digestive processes

76
Q

What do cells with a lot of chloroplast typically do?

A

Photosynthesis

IB Biology (57 decks)

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