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IB Biology > 2.8 Cell respiration > Flashcards

2.8 Cell respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is cell respiration?

A

The controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP

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2
Q

What is the main organic compound used in cell respiration?

A

Carbohydrates (glucose)

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3
Q

Alongside carbohydrates what else is digested during cell respiration?

A

Lipids and proteins

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4
Q

What are the two types of cell respiration?

A

Anaerobic respiration and aerobic respiration

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5
Q

What does anaerobic respiration involves?

A

It involves the partial breakdown of glucose in the cytosol for a small yield of ATP

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6
Q

What does aerobic respiration utilise to do what?

A

Oxygen to break down glucose in the mitochondria for a larger ATP yield

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7
Q

What is the cell respiration equation?

A

Glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + atp

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8
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

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9
Q

What is ATP?

A

A high energy molecule that functions as an immediate source of power for cell processes

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10
Q

What does one molecule of ATP contain?

A

Three covalently linked phosphate groups

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11
Q

What does the three covalently linked phosphate groups do?

A

Store potential energy in their bonds

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12
Q

What happens when ATP is hydrolysed?

A

The energy stored in the phosphate bond is released to be used by the cell

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13
Q

What does cell respiration use energy from organic molecules to do?

A

Regenerate ATP from ADP + Pi

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14
Q

What do both anaerobic and aerobic respiration pathways begin with?

A

The anaerobic breakdown of glucose in the cytosol

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15
Q

What is responsible for the anaerobic breakdown of glucose in the cytosol?

A

Glycolysis

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16
Q

What does glycolysis break down and into what?

A

Glucose into two molecules of pryuvate

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17
Q

What else does pryuvate produce?

A

Hydrogen carriers from an oxidised precursor

A small yield of ATP

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18
Q

When does anaerobic respiration proceed?

A

In the absence of oxygen

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19
Q

What does anaerobic respiration not result in?

A

The production of any further ATP molecules

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20
Q

What is pyruvate converted into in animals?

A

Lactic acid (lactate)

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21
Q

What is pyruvate converted into in plants and yeasts?

A

Ethanol and carbon dioxide

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22
Q

What is the purpose of anaerobic respiration?

A

To restore stocks of NAD+

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23
Q

Why does anaerobic respiration restore stocks of NAD+?

A

So the organism can continue producing ATP via glycolysis

24
Q

Is the conversion of pyruvate in animals/plants and yeast reversible?

A

Yes

25
Q

What can be restored once oxygen is present?

A

Pyruvate levels

26
Q

Why does muscle contractions require high levels of ATP?

A

Because the expend high amounts of energy

27
Q

What happens to the cells energy demands when exercising at high intenisty?

A

They will exceed what the available levels of O2 can supply aerobically

28
Q

When exercising at high intensity what does the body do to maximise ATP production?

A

Begin to break down glucose anaerobically

29
Q

What leads to muscle fatigue?

A

An increase in the production of lactic acid

30
Q

What happens when an individual stops exercising?

A

Oxygen levels will increase and lactate will be converted back to pyruvate

31
Q

What can only be used to undergo anaerobic respiration?

A

Carbohydrates

32
Q

When talking about exercise intensity, when will lactate levels increase?

A

At higher levels of exercise intensity

33
Q

When talking about exercise intensity, what happens to the aerobic consumption of fats at high intensities?

A

It decreases

34
Q

When talking about exercise intensity, what happens to the anaerobic consumption of sugars at high intensities?

A

It increases

35
Q

Where does aerobic cell respiration take place?

A

In the mitochondrion

36
Q

What does aerobic cell respiration require the presence of?

A

Oxygen

37
Q

During aerobic respiration what is pyruvate broken down into?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

38
Q

During aerobic respiration, what is produced and how much?

A

ATP (34 - 36 molecules)

39
Q

What type of process is glycolysis?

A

Anaerobic

40
Q

What does aerobic respiration consist of?

A

The link reaction, krebs cycle and the electron transport chain

41
Q

Where does aerobic respiration begin?

A

With glycolysis in carbohydrates

42
Q

What does fermentation involve?

A

The breakdown of carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen

43
Q

In yeasts what does fermentation results in the production of?

A

Ethanol and carbon dioxide

44
Q

What is used during food processesing?

A

Fermentation in yeasts

45
Q

How is yeast fermentation used in bread?

A

Carbon dioxide causes dough to rise

The ethanol evaporates during baking

46
Q

How is yeast fermentation used in alcohol?

A

Ethanol is the intoxicating agent in alcoholic drinks

47
Q

What do bacterial cultures undergo to produce food products?

A

Fermentation

48
Q

How are bacterial cultures used in yogurt and cheese?

A

Bacteria produces lactic acid anaerobically which modifies milk proteins to make yogurts and cheeses

49
Q

What is a respirometer?

A

A device that determines an organisms respiration rate by measuring the rate of exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

50
Q

What factors affect respiration rates?

A

Temperature
Hydration
Light
Age
Activity levels

51
Q

How does an increase in carbon dioxide levels affect respiration and why?

A

Increases respiration as carbon dioxide is a product of aerobic respiration

52
Q

How does a decrease in oxygen levels affect respiration and why?

A

Increases respiration as oxygen is a requirement of aerobic respiration

53
Q

How does a respirometer work?

A

The living specimen is enclosed in a sealed container

54
Q

How can carbon dioxide production be measured in respirometer?

A

With a data logger or by pH changes if the specimen is in water

55
Q

When can oxygen consumption be measured as a change in pressure within the system?

A

When an alkali is included to absorb carbon dioxide

56
Q

How can pressure change be detected in a respirometer?

A

With a data logger or via use of a u-tube manometer

IB Biology (57 decks)

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