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IB Biology > 9.4 Reproduction in plants > Flashcards

9.4 Reproduction in plants Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three ways a plant can reproduce?

A

Vegetative propagation
Spore formations
Pollen transfer

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2
Q

What is vegetative propagation?

A

Asexual reproduction from a plant cutting

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3
Q

What does the sexual reproduction in flowering plants involve the transfer of?

A

Pollen to an ova

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4
Q

What are the three distinct phases of sexual reproduction in flowers?

A

Pollination
Fertilisation
Seed dispersal

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5
Q

What is pollination?

A

The transfer of pollen grains from an anther to a stigma

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6
Q

Why can many plants self pollinate?

A

Many plants possess both male and female structures

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7
Q

What is the most preferred pollination and why?

A

Cross pollination as it improves genetic diversity

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8
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

The fusion of a male gamete nuclei with a female gamete nuclei to form a zygote

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9
Q

Where is the female gamete found?

A

In the ovule

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10
Q

Where is the male gamete found?

A

In the pollen grain

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11
Q

What does the fertilisation of gametes result in?

A

The formation of a seed

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12
Q

What happens to the seed once it has been formed?

A

It moves away from the parental plant

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13
Q

What does seed dispersal reduce?

A

Competition for resources between the germinating seed and the parental plant

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14
Q

What are different seed dispersal mechanisms?

A

Wind
Water
Fruits
Animals

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15
Q

What does seed structure depend on?

A

The mechanism of dispersal employed by the plant

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16
Q

What is cross pollination?

A

Cross pollination involves transferring pollen grains from one plant to the ovule of a different plant

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17
Q

What is the most common way to transfer pollen?

A

By animals

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18
Q

What are animals that transfer pollen called?

A

Pollinators

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19
Q

What type of relationship are pollinators in with the flowering plant?

A

A mutualistic relationship

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20
Q

What is a mutualistic relationship?

A

Where both species benefit from the interaction

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21
Q

What do flowering plants gain from the mutualistic relationship?

A

A means of sexual reproduction via the transfer of pollen between plants

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22
Q

What do animals gain from a mutualistic relationship with the flowering plant?

A

A source of nutrition

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23
Q

Why are pollinators attracted to plants?

A

Because they secrete sugar rich nectar

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24
Q

What are examples of pollinators?

A

Birds
Bats
Insects

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25
Q

What are flowers structured to do?

A

Optimise access for certain pollinators

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26
Q

What are flowers?

A

The reproductive organs of angiospermophytes

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27
Q

Where do flowers develop from?

A

The shoot apex

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28
Q

When talking about flowering, what do changes in gene expression trigger?

A

The enlargement of the shoot apical meristem

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29
Q

What does the shoot apical meristem then differentiate into?

A

Sepals
Petals
Stamen
Pistil

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30
Q

What influences the activation of genes responsible for flowering?

A

Abiotic factors that are typically linked to the seasons

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31
Q

When will flowering plants typically come into bloom?

A

When a suitable pollinator is most abundant

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32
Q

What is the most common trigger for a change in gene expression?

A

Day/night length (photoperiodism)

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33
Q

What is it called when a flower has both male and female structures?

A

Monoecious

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34
Q

What is it called when a flower only possesses one sex structure?

A

Dioecious

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35
Q

What is the male part of the flower called?

A

Stamen

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36
Q

What is the stamen composed of?

A

Anther and filament

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37
Q

What is an anther?

A

Pollen producing organ of the flower

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38
Q

What is pollen?

A

The female gamete of a flowering plant

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39
Q

What is a filament?

A

Slender stalk supporting the anther

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40
Q

What does the filament do?

A

Makes the anther accessible to pollinators

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41
Q

What is the female part of the flower called?

A

The pistil/carpel

42
Q

What is the pistil composed of?

A

Stigma
Style
Ovule

43
Q

What is the stigma?

A

The sticky, receptive tip of the pistil that is responsible for catching the pollen

44
Q

What is a style?

A

The tube shaped connection between the stigma and ovule

45
Q

What does the style do?

A

Elevates the stigma to help catch pollen

46
Q

What is the ovule?

A

The structure that contains the female reproductive cells

47
Q

What happens to the ovule after fertilisation?

A

It will develop into a seed

48
Q

What are other structures plants have alongside reproductive structures?

A

Petals
Sepal
Peduncle

49
Q

What are petals?

A

Brightly coloured modified leaves which function to attract pollinators

50
Q

What are sepals?

A

Outer covering which protects the flower when in bud

51
Q

What is a peduncle?

A

Stalk of the flower

52
Q

What is the purpose of flowering?

A

To enable the plant to sexually reproduce

53
Q

What are phytochromes?

A

Phytochromes are leaf pigments which are used by the plant to detect periods of light and darkness

54
Q

What is photoperiodism?

A

The response of the plant to the relative lengths of light and darkness

55
Q

What are the two forms phytochromes exist in?

A

Active form and inactive form

56
Q

What is the inactive form of phytochromes converted into and when?

A

The active form when it absorbs red light

57
Q

What is the active form of phytochrome broken down into and when?

A

It is broken down into the inactive form when it absorbs far red light

58
Q

When will the active form revert to the inactive form?

A

In the absence of light

59
Q

When is the inactive form predominant and why?

A

During the night as the active form is reverted in darkness

60
Q

What can only the active form of phytochrome do and when does it differ?

A

Cause flowering

It differs in certain types of plants

61
Q

What are the two categories plants can be classed as?

A

Short day or long day plants

62
Q

What is the critical factor in determining the activity of plants?

A

Night length

63
Q

When do short day plants flower?

A

When the days are short

64
Q

What do short day plants require?

A

The night period to exceed a critical length and low levels of Pfr

65
Q

What does Pfr inhibit in short day plants?

A

Flowering

66
Q

When do long day plants flower?

A

When the days are long

67
Q

What do long day plants require?

A

The night period to be less than a critical length and high levels of Pfr

68
Q

What activates flowering in long day plants?

A

Pfr

69
Q

What does the mnemonic SID the LAD tell us?

A

Short Day plants pfr Inhibits flowering
Long Day plants pfr Activates flowering

70
Q

How can the flowering of short day and long day plants be manipulated?

A

By controlling the exposure of light

71
Q

What must happen to the the critical night length for it to be effective?

A

It must be uninterrupted

72
Q

When will long day plants traditionally not flower and why?

A

During winter and autumn because night lengths are long

73
Q

When do horticulturalists expose long day plants to light source to trigger flowering?

A

During the night

74
Q

What are an example of long day plant?

A

Carnations

75
Q

When will short day plants traditionally not flower and why?

A

During summer months because the night lengths are short

76
Q

How can horticulturalists trigger flowering in short day plants?

A

By covering the plant with an opaque black cover for roughly 12 hours a day

77
Q

What happens once a seed is dispersed from the parental plant?

A

It will germinate resulting in a new plant

78
Q

What does a typical seed contain?

A

Testa
Micropyle
Cotyledon
Plumule
Radicle

79
Q

What is the testa?

A

An outer seed coat that protects the embryonic plant

80
Q

What is the micropyle?

A

A small pore in the outer covering of the seed that allows for the passage of water

81
Q

What is the cotyledon?

A

Contains the food stores for the seed and forms the embryonic leaves

82
Q

What is the plumule?

A

The embryonic shoot

83
Q

What is the plumule also called?

A

The epicotyl

84
Q

What is the radicle?

A

The embryonic root

85
Q

What is germination?

A

Germination is the process by which a seed emerges from a period of dormancy and begins to sprout

86
Q

What are the four thing germination needs to occur?

A

Oxygen
Water
Temperature
Optimal pH

87
Q

Why does germination need oxygen

A

For aerobic respiration

88
Q

For the seed to develop what does it need?

A

Large amounts of ATP

89
Q

Why does germination need water?

A

To metabolically activate the seed

90
Q

What does the metabolic activation of the seed trigger?

A

The synthesis of gibberellin

91
Q

Why does germination need temperature?

A

They need certain temperatures to sprout and for the optimal function of enzymes

92
Q

Why does germination need an optimal pH?

A

Seeds require a suitable soil pH in order to sprout and for the optimal function of enzymes

93
Q

What are five different specialised conditions for germination?

A

Fire
Freezing
Digestion
Washing
Scarification

94
Q

Why does germination potentially need fire?

A

Some seeds will only sprout after exposure to intense hear

95
Q

Why does germination potentially need freezing?

A

Some seeds will only sprout after periods of intense cold

96
Q

Why does germination potentially need digestion?

A

Some seeds need animal digestion to erode the seed coat before the seed will sprout

97
Q

Why does germination potentially need washing?

A

Some seeds may be covered with inhibitors and will only sprout after being washed to remove the inhibitors

98
Q

Why does germination potentially need scarification?

A

Seeds are more likely to germinate if the seed coat is weakened from physical damage

99
Q

How can germination be measured?

A

By the rate of seed growth over a set period of time

100
Q

What is an example of fire affecting germination?

A

After bushfires remove established flora

101
Q

What is an example of freezing affecting germination?

A

In spring following winter temperatures

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