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IB Biology > 9.4 Reproduction in plants > Flashcards

9.4 Reproduction in plants Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three ways a plant can reproduce?

A

Vegetative propagation
Spore formations
Pollen transfer

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2
Q

What is vegetative propagation?

A

Asexual reproduction from a plant cutting

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3
Q

What does the sexual reproduction in flowering plants involve the transfer of?

A

Pollen to an ova

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4
Q

What are the three distinct phases of sexual reproduction in flowers?

A

Pollination
Fertilisation
Seed dispersal

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5
Q

What is pollination?

A

The transfer of pollen grains from an anther to a stigma

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6
Q

Why can many plants self pollinate?

A

Many plants possess both male and female structures

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7
Q

What is the most preferred pollination and why?

A

Cross pollination as it improves genetic diversity

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8
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

The fusion of a male gamete nuclei with a female gamete nuclei to form a zygote

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9
Q

Where is the female gamete found?

A

In the ovule

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10
Q

Where is the male gamete found?

A

In the pollen grain

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11
Q

What does the fertilisation of gametes result in?

A

The formation of a seed

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12
Q

What happens to the seed once it has been formed?

A

It moves away from the parental plant

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13
Q

What does seed dispersal reduce?

A

Competition for resources between the germinating seed and the parental plant

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14
Q

What are different seed dispersal mechanisms?

A

Wind
Water
Fruits
Animals

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15
Q

What does seed structure depend on?

A

The mechanism of dispersal employed by the plant

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16
Q

What is cross pollination?

A

Cross pollination involves transferring pollen grains from one plant to the ovule of a different plant

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17
Q

What is the most common way to transfer pollen?

A

By animals

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18
Q

What are animals that transfer pollen called?

A

Pollinators

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19
Q

What type of relationship are pollinators in with the flowering plant?

A

A mutualistic relationship

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20
Q

What is a mutualistic relationship?

A

Where both species benefit from the interaction

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21
Q

What do flowering plants gain from the mutualistic relationship?

A

A means of sexual reproduction via the transfer of pollen between plants

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22
Q

What do animals gain from a mutualistic relationship with the flowering plant?

A

A source of nutrition

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23
Q

Why are pollinators attracted to plants?

A

Because they secrete sugar rich nectar

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24
Q

What are examples of pollinators?

A

Birds
Bats
Insects

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25
What are flowers structured to do?
Optimise access for certain pollinators
26
What are flowers?
The reproductive organs of angiospermophytes
27
Where do flowers develop from?
The shoot apex
28
When talking about flowering, what do changes in gene expression trigger?
The enlargement of the shoot apical meristem
29
What does the shoot apical meristem then differentiate into?
Sepals Petals Stamen Pistil
30
What influences the activation of genes responsible for flowering?
Abiotic factors that are typically linked to the seasons
31
When will flowering plants typically come into bloom?
When a suitable pollinator is most abundant
32
What is the most common trigger for a change in gene expression?
Day/night length (photoperiodism)
33
What is it called when a flower has both male and female structures?
Monoecious
34
What is it called when a flower only possesses one sex structure?
Dioecious
35
What is the male part of the flower called?
Stamen
36
What is the stamen composed of?
Anther and filament
37
What is an anther?
Pollen producing organ of the flower
38
What is pollen?
The female gamete of a flowering plant
39
What is a filament?
Slender stalk supporting the anther
40
What does the filament do?
Makes the anther accessible to pollinators
41
What is the female part of the flower called?
The pistil/carpel
42
What is the pistil composed of?
Stigma Style Ovule
43
What is the stigma?
The sticky, receptive tip of the pistil that is responsible for catching the pollen
44
What is a style?
The tube shaped connection between the stigma and ovule
45
What does the style do?
Elevates the stigma to help catch pollen
46
What is the ovule?
The structure that contains the female reproductive cells
47
What happens to the ovule after fertilisation?
It will develop into a seed
48
What are other structures plants have alongside reproductive structures?
Petals Sepal Peduncle
49
What are petals?
Brightly coloured modified leaves which function to attract pollinators
50
What are sepals?
Outer covering which protects the flower when in bud
51
What is a peduncle?
Stalk of the flower
52
What is the purpose of flowering?
To enable the plant to sexually reproduce
53
What are phytochromes?
Phytochromes are leaf pigments which are used by the plant to detect periods of light and darkness
54
What is photoperiodism?
The response of the plant to the relative lengths of light and darkness
55
What are the two forms phytochromes exist in?
Active form and inactive form
56
What is the inactive form of phytochromes converted into and when?
The active form when it absorbs red light
57
What is the active form of phytochrome broken down into and when?
It is broken down into the inactive form when it absorbs far red light
58
When will the active form revert to the inactive form?
In the absence of light
59
When is the inactive form predominant and why?
During the night as the active form is reverted in darkness
60
What can only the active form of phytochrome do and when does it differ?
Cause flowering It differs in certain types of plants
61
What are the two categories plants can be classed as?
Short day or long day plants
62
What is the critical factor in determining the activity of plants?
Night length
63
When do short day plants flower?
When the days are short
64
What do short day plants require?
The night period to exceed a critical length and low levels of Pfr
65
What does Pfr inhibit in short day plants?
Flowering
66
When do long day plants flower?
When the days are long
67
What do long day plants require?
The night period to be less than a critical length and high levels of Pfr
68
What activates flowering in long day plants?
Pfr
69
What does the mnemonic SID the LAD tell us?
Short Day plants pfr Inhibits flowering Long Day plants pfr Activates flowering
70
How can the flowering of short day and long day plants be manipulated?
By controlling the exposure of light
71
What must happen to the the critical night length for it to be effective?
It must be uninterrupted
72
When will long day plants traditionally not flower and why?
During winter and autumn because night lengths are long
73
When do horticulturalists expose long day plants to light source to trigger flowering?
During the night
74
What are an example of long day plant?
Carnations
75
When will short day plants traditionally not flower and why?
During summer months because the night lengths are short
76
How can horticulturalists trigger flowering in short day plants?
By covering the plant with an opaque black cover for roughly 12 hours a day
77
What happens once a seed is dispersed from the parental plant?
It will germinate resulting in a new plant
78
What does a typical seed contain?
Testa Micropyle Cotyledon Plumule Radicle
79
What is the testa?
An outer seed coat that protects the embryonic plant
80
What is the micropyle?
A small pore in the outer covering of the seed that allows for the passage of water
81
What is the cotyledon?
Contains the food stores for the seed and forms the embryonic leaves
82
What is the plumule?
The embryonic shoot
83
What is the plumule also called?
The epicotyl
84
What is the radicle?
The embryonic root
85
What is germination?
Germination is the process by which a seed emerges from a period of dormancy and begins to sprout
86
What are the four thing germination needs to occur?
Oxygen Water Temperature Optimal pH
87
Why does germination need oxygen
For aerobic respiration
88
For the seed to develop what does it need?
Large amounts of ATP
89
Why does germination need water?
To metabolically activate the seed
90
What does the metabolic activation of the seed trigger?
The synthesis of gibberellin
91
Why does germination need temperature?
They need certain temperatures to sprout and for the optimal function of enzymes
92
Why does germination need an optimal pH?
Seeds require a suitable soil pH in order to sprout and for the optimal function of enzymes
93
What are five different specialised conditions for germination?
Fire Freezing Digestion Washing Scarification
94
Why does germination potentially need fire?
Some seeds will only sprout after exposure to intense hear
95
Why does germination potentially need freezing?
Some seeds will only sprout after periods of intense cold
96
Why does germination potentially need digestion?
Some seeds need animal digestion to erode the seed coat before the seed will sprout
97
Why does germination potentially need washing?
Some seeds may be covered with inhibitors and will only sprout after being washed to remove the inhibitors
98
Why does germination potentially need scarification?
Seeds are more likely to germinate if the seed coat is weakened from physical damage
99
How can germination be measured?
By the rate of seed growth over a set period of time
100
What is an example of fire affecting germination?
After bushfires remove established flora
101
What is an example of freezing affecting germination?
In spring following winter temperatures

IB Biology (57 decks)

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