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IB Biology > 4.2 Energy Flow > Flashcards

4.2 Energy Flow Flashcards

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1
Q

What does photoautotrophic mean?

A

They use sunlight as a source of energy

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2
Q

What are all green plants and some bacteria?

A

Photoautotrophic

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3
Q

What is an essential source of energy for almost all communities?

A

Light

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4
Q

What are the producers in a few ecosystems?

A

Chemoautotrophic bacteria

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5
Q

What is chemoautotrophic?

A

Energy is derived from chemical processes

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6
Q

How is light energy converted into chemical energy?

A

Via photosynthesis

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7
Q

What is light energy used to do?

A

Make organic compounds from inorganic sources

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8
Q

What happens to the organic compounds produced?

A

Heterotrophs eat them to get their chemical energy

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9
Q

How are organic compounds broken down?

A

Via cell respiration

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10
Q

What happens when organic compounds are broken down?

A

ATP is produced to fuel metabolic processes

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11
Q

How does energy enter most ecosystem as?

A

Sunlight

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12
Q

What converts sunlight into chemical energy?

A

Producers

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13
Q

Where is the chemical energy stored?

A

In carbon compounds

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14
Q

How is chemical energy transferred to heterotrophs?

A

Via feeding

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15
Q

What is a trophic level?

A

The position an organism occupies within a feeding sequence

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16
Q

What position in a feeding sequences do producers always occupy?

A

The first trophic level

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17
Q

What position are primary consumers and why?

A

The second trophic level as they feed on producers

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18
Q

What position do further consumers occupy?

A

Subsequent trophic levels like secondary and tertiary

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19
Q

What is a food chain?

A

Showing the linear feeding relationships between species in a community

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20
Q

What do arrows represent in food chains?

A

The transfer of energy and matter as one organism is eaten by another

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21
Q

What direction do arrows point in food chains?

A

In direction of energy flow

22
Q

What is the first organism in a food chain?

A

A producer followed by consumers

23
Q

What can the energy stored in organic molecules be released to do?

A

Produce ATP

24
Q

What is the ATP from organic molecules used to do?

A

Fuel metabolic reactions needed for growth and homeostasis

25
Q

What is a by product of metabolic reactions?

A

Heat

26
Q

What happens to the heat by product of metabolic reactions?

A

It is released from the organism

27
Q

Where is some chemical energy lost to?

A
  • Being excreted as faeces
  • Remains unconsumed as uneaten parts of the food
  • Respiration
  • Released as heat
28
Q

What are the three ways chemical energy produced by an organism can be converted?

A

Kinetic energy
Electrical energy
Light energy

29
Q

When would chemical energy be converted into kinetic energy?

A

During muscle contraction

30
Q

When would chemical energy be converted into electrical energy?

A

During the transmission of nerve impulses

31
Q

When is chemical energy converted into light energy?

A

Producing bioluminescence

32
Q

Why is heat released as a by product?

A

As living organisms cannot turn this heat into other forms of usable energy

33
Q

What happens to heat once it is released from the organism?

A

It is lost from the ecosystem

34
Q

Why do ecosystems require a continuous influx of energy from an external source?

A

As heat energy is lost from the ecosystem

35
Q

Why is the energy transformations process never 100% efficient?

A

Most of the energy is lost to the organism

36
Q

How efficient are energy transformations typically?

A

10%

37
Q

What does the amount of energy transferred depend on?

A

How efficiently organisms can capture and use energy?

38
Q

Why do higher trophic levels have less biomass?

A

As they store less energy as carbon compounds

39
Q

What is biomass?

A

The total mass of a group of organisms consisting of the carbon compounds contained in the cells and tissues

40
Q

How can scientists measure the amount of energy added to organisms as biomass?

A

Because carbon compound store energy

41
Q

What happens to biomass along food chains?

A

It diminishes with the loss of carbon dioxide, water and waste products to the environment

42
Q

Why are the number of potential trophic levels are limited?

A

Because energy and biomass is lost between each level of a food chain

43
Q

Why do higher trophic levels need to eat larger quantities ?

A

To obtain sufficient amounts of energy

44
Q

When will the trophic level become unviable?

A

If the energy required to hunt food exceeds the energy available from the food eaten

45
Q

What is a pyramid of energy?

A

A graphical representation of the amount of energy at each trophic level of a food chain

46
Q

In what units are pyramid of energy expressed?

A

Energy per area per timeq

47
Q

Why will pyramids never appear inverted?

A

As some of the energy stored in one source is always lost upon transfer

48
Q

What size should a level in a pyramid of energy be?

A

one tenth

49
Q

What will the bottom level of a pyramid of energy always be?

A

The producers

50
Q

What do the subsequent levels of a pyramid of energy represent?

A

Consumers

IB Biology (57 decks)

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