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IB Biology > 6.4 Gas Exchange > Flashcards

6.4 Gas Exchange Flashcards

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1
Q

What does physiological respiration involve?

A

The transport of oxygen to cells within the tissues

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2
Q

What does physiological respiration involve?

A

The transport of oxygen to cells within the tissues

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3
Q

What are the three processes in physiological respiration?

A

Ventilation
Gas exchange
Cell respiration

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4
Q

What is ventilation?

A

The exchange of air between the atmosphere and the lungs

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5
Q

What is gas exchange?

A

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and bloodstream

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6
Q

What is cell respiration?

A

The release of energy from organic molecules?

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7
Q

What is needed to maintain a concentration gradient in alveoli?

A

A ventilation system

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8
Q

Why is a ventilation system needed to maintain a concentration gradient in alveoli?

A

Because gas exchange is a passive process

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9
Q

What is consumed by cells during cell respiration?

A

Oxygen

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10
Q

What is a waste product of cellular respiration?

A

Carbon dioxide

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11
Q

Where is oxygen being removed from and into where?

A

Removed from the alveoli and into the bloodstream

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12
Q

How do the lungs function as a ventilation system?

A

By continually cycling fresh air into the alveoli from the atmosphere

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13
Q

What levels stay high in the alveoli?

A

O2 levels

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14
Q

What levels stay low in the alveoli?

A

Carbon dioxide

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15
Q

What diffuses into the blood?

A

Oxygen

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16
Q

What diffuses from the blood?

A

Carbon dioxide

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17
Q

How are the lungs structured to increase the overall rate of gas exchange?

A

A very large surface area

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18
Q

How does air enter the respiratory system?

A

Through the nose or mouth

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19
Q

What does air pass through after entering the nose/mouth?

A

Pharynx to the trachea

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20
Q

What does the trachea divide into?

A

Two bronchi

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21
Q

What are bronchi connected to?

A

the lungs and the trachea

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22
Q

How many lobes is the right lung composed of?

A

Three lobes

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23
Q

How many lobes in the left lung?

A

Two

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24
Q

Why is the left lung smaller than the right?

A

Due to the position of the heart

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25
Q

In each lung, what do the bronchi divide into?

A

Smaller airways called bronchioles

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26
Q

What do bronchioles increase?

A

Surface area

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27
Q

What do each bronchioles terminate with?

A

A cluster of air sacs called alveoli

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28
Q

What occurs in the alveoli?

A

Gas exchange with the bloodstream

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29
Q

What is the function of the alveoli?

A

The site of gas exchanged

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30
Q

What does the thin epithelial layer do?

A

Minimises diffusion distances for respiratory gases

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31
Q

What are alveoli surrounded by?

A

A rich capillary network

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32
Q

What does the rich capillary network around the alveoli increase?

A

The capacity for gas exchange

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33
Q

What is the internal surface of the alveoli covered with?

A

A layer of fluid

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34
Q

Why is there a layer of fluid in the internal surface of the alveoli?

A

As dissolved gases are better able to diffuse into the bloodstream

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35
Q

What are pneumocytes?

A

The cells that line the alveoli and comprise the majority of the inner surface of the lungs

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36
Q

What are the two types of alveolar cells?

A

Type I pneumocytes and Type II pneumocytes

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37
Q

What are type I pneumocytes involved in?

A

The process of gas exchange between te alveoli and the capillaries

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38
Q

What is the shape of the type I pneumocytes?

A

Squamous and extremely thin

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39
Q

Why are type I pneumocytes extremely thin?

A

To minimise the diffusion distance for respiratory gases

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40
Q

How are type I pneumocytes connected?

A

By occluding junctions

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41
Q

What do occluding junctions prevent?

A

The leakage of tissue fluid into the alveolar air space

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42
Q

What are type I pneumocytes unable to do?

A

Replicate

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43
Q

What can type II cells differentiate into?

A

Type I cells if required

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44
Q

What can type II cells differentiate into?

A

Type I cells if required

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45
Q

What are type II pneumocytes responsible for?

A

The secretion of pulmonary surfactant

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46
Q

What does pulmonary surfactant reduce?

A

Surface tension in the alveoli

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47
Q

What is the structure of type II pneumocytes?

A

Cuboidal and possess many granules

48
Q

What do type II pneumocytes only comprise a fraction of?

A

The alveolar surface

49
Q

What is the bad thing about the moist lining in alveoli?

A

It creates a tendency for the alveoli to collapse and resist inflation

50
Q

What is the surface tension?

A

The elastic force created by a fluid surface that minimises the surface area

51
Q

What happens to the surfactant as an alveoli expands with gas intake?

A

It becomes more spread out across the moist alveolar lining

52
Q

What slows the rate of expansion?

A

The increase in surface tension

53
Q

What does the surfactant ensure all alveoli do?

A

Inflate at roughly the same time

54
Q

What does the surfactant ensure all alveoli do?

A

Inflate at roughly the same time

55
Q

What is breathing?

A

The active movement of respiratory muscles that enables the passage of air into and out of the lung

56
Q

What does the contraction of respirator muscles change?

A

The volume of the thoracic cavity

57
Q

What law does the mechanism of breathing follow?

A

Boyles law

58
Q

When the volume of the thoracic cavity increases what happens to the pressure in the thorax?

A

It decreases

59
Q

When the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases what happens to the pressure in the thorax?

A

It increases

60
Q

In general where will gases move from?

A

A region of high pressure to a region of lower pressure

61
Q

When will air move into the lungs?

A

When the pressure in the chest is less than the atmospheric pressure

62
Q

When will the air move out of the lungs?

A

When the pressure in the chest is greater than the atmospheric pressure

63
Q

What do respiratory muscles contract to change?

A

The volume of the thoracic cavity and the pressure in the chest

64
Q

What are different groups of muscles required to do because muscles only do work via contraction?

A

Expand and contract chest volume

65
Q

What does changing chest volume create?

A

A pressure differential between the chest and the atmosphere

66
Q

What equalises the pressure differential?

A

Air moving

67
Q

What do muscles that increase the volume of the chest cause?

A

Inspiration

68
Q

What do muscles that decrease the volume of the chest cause?

A

Expiration

69
Q

When is atmospheric pressure lower?

A

At high altitudes

70
Q

Why is it harder to breathe at high altitudes?

A

As a greater increase in chest volume is required before a pressure differential is formed

71
Q

What are inspiration and expiration controlled by?

A

Two sets of antagonistic muscle groups

72
Q

What does antagonistic mean?

A

WOrking oppositely

73
Q

What are the muscles responsible for inspiration?

A

The diaphragm and external intercostals

74
Q

What happens when the diaphragm muscles contract?

A

The diaphragm flattens and increase the volume of the thoracic cavity

75
Q

What contracts during inspiration?

A

Diaphragm and external intercostals

76
Q

What happens when the external intercostals contract?

A

Ribs are pulled upwards and outwards

77
Q

What also may help pull the ribs up and out?

A

Additional muscle groups

78
Q

What are the muscles responsible for expiration?

A

The abdominale muscles and internal intercostals

79
Q

What do the diaphragm muscles do during expiration?

A

Relax

80
Q

What happens when the diaphragm muscles contract during expiration?

A

The diaphragm curves upwards and reduces the volume of the thoracic cavity

81
Q

What do the internal intercostals muscles do during expiration?

A

Contract

82
Q

What happens when the internal intercostal muscles contract?

A

The ribs are pulled inwards an downwards

83
Q

What happens when the internal intercostal muscles contract?

A

The ribs are pulled inwards an downwards

84
Q

What do abdominal muscles do during forced exhalation?

A

Contract and push the diaphragm upwards

85
Q

What else may help pull the ribs downwards?

A

Additional muscle groups

86
Q

What is lung cancer?

A

The uncontrolled proliferation of lung cells leading to the abnormal growth of lung tissue

87
Q

What can the abnormal growth of lung tissue impact?

A

Normal tissue function, leading to a variety of symptoms according to size and location

88
Q

What are the two main reasons lung cancers are the most common cause of cancer related death worldwide?

A
  • lungs are vital and the abrogation of their normal function is detrimental to health
  • lungs possess a rich blood supply increasing the likelihood of metastasis
89
Q

What are common causes of lung cancer?

A

Radiation
Ageing
Pollution
Environment
Diseases
Genetics
Occupation
Asbestos
Tobacco
Smoking

90
Q

What is emphysema?

A

A lung condition where the walls of the alveoli lose their elasticity due to damage to the alveolar walls

91
Q

What does the loss of elasticity in alveoli result in?

A

The abnormal enlargement of the alveoli

92
Q

What does the abnormal enlargement of the alveoli lead to?

A

A lower total surface area for gas exchange

93
Q

What can the degradation of the alveolar walls cause?

A

Holes to develop and alveoli to merge into huge air spaces

94
Q

What is the major cause of emphysema?

A

Smoking

95
Q

Why is the major cause of emphysema smoking?

A

As the chemical irritants in cigarette smoke damage the alveolar walls

96
Q

What does damage to the lung tissue lead to the recruitment of?

A

Phagocytes to the region

97
Q

In damaged lung tissue what does the recruitment of phagocytes produce?

A

An enzyme called elastase

98
Q

What does elastase do?

A

Breaks down the elastic fibres in the alveolar wall

99
Q

What can elastase activity be blocked by?

A

An enzyme inhibitor but only when elastase concentrations are increased

100
Q

What is a small proportion of emphysema cases caused by?

A

A hereditary deficiency in the enzyme inhibitor due to a gene mutation

101
Q

When does ventilation in humans change in response to?

A

Levels of physical activity

102
Q

Why doe ventilation change in response to physical activity?

A

As the bodys energy demands are increased

103
Q

What does ATP production produce as a waste product?

A

Carbon dioxide

104
Q

What detects changes in bloodCO2 levels?

A

Chemosensors in the walls of the arteries

105
Q

Where does chemosensors send signals to?

A

The brain stem

106
Q

What increases as energy intensity increases?

A

Demand for gas exchange

107
Q

What are the two ways exercise will influence ventilation?

A
  • increase ventilation rate
  • increase tidal volume
108
Q

How does an increased ventilation rate help when exercise intensifies?

A

A greater frequency of breaths allows for a more continuous exchange of gases

109
Q

How does an increased tidal volume help when exercise intensity is increased?

A

Increasing the volume of air taken in and out per breath allows for more air in the lungs to be exchanged

110
Q

What are the three ways ventilation in humans can be monitored?

A
  • simple observation
  • chest belt and pressure meter
  • spirometer
111
Q

How does simple observation work?

A

Counting the number of breaths per minute

112
Q

How does chest belt and pressure meter work?

A

Records the rise and fall of the chest

113
Q

What is spirometry?

A

The measuring o the amount/speed at which air can be inhaled or exhaled

114
Q

What is a spirometer?

A

A device that detects the changes in ventilation and presents the data on a digital display

115
Q

What is a more simplistic method of a spirometer?

A

Breathing into a balloon and measuring the volume of air in a single breath

116
Q

How can the volume of air in a balloon be determined?

A

By submerging the balloon in water and measuring the volume displaced

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