1.5 The origin of cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is abiogenesis?

A

The theory that living cells arose from non living matter

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2
Q

What is one of the four key stages of abiogenesis to do with simple organic molecules?

A

There was non living synthesis of simple organic molecules

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3
Q

What was the non living synthesis of simple organic molecules from?

A

Primordial inorganic molecules

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4
Q

During one of the four key stages of abiogenesis what did the simple organic molecules assemble into?

A

More complex polymers

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5
Q

During one of the four key stages of abiogenesis what did certain polymers form the capacity to do?

A

Self replicate

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6
Q

During one of the four key stages of abiogenesis what does the self replicating polymers enable?

A

Inheritance

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7
Q

During one of the four key stages of abiogenesis what were the molecules packaged into and with?

A

Membranes with an internal chemistry different from their surroundings

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8
Q

What demonstrated the non living synthesis of simple organic molecules?

A

The miller-Urey experiment

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9
Q

What did the miller urey experiment recreate?

A

The postulated conditions of pre-biotic earth

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10
Q

What did miller urey use to create pre biotic earth?

A

A closed system of flasks and tubes

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11
Q

In the miller urey experiment what did they do to water and why?

A

Water was boiled to vapour to show the high temperatures of earths original conditions

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12
Q

In the miller urey experiment what was the vapour mixed with and why?

A

Gases such as H2, CH4, NH3 to create an atmosphere without oxygen

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13
Q

In the miller urey experiment, what happened to the vapour exposed to gases and why?

A

An electrical charge to recreate lightning as an energy source

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14
Q

In the miller urey experiment, what happened to the mixture with an electrical discharge?

A

It was left to cool for a week

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15
Q

In the miller urey experiment, what happened after it was left for a week?

A

The condensed mixture was analysed and found to have traces of simple organic molecules

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16
Q

Name three types of conditions needed for the chemical processes that contributed to the initial formation of biological life?

A

Reducing atmosphere
High temperatures
Electrical Discharge

17
Q

Why cant cells arise independently by abiogenesis?

A

As the specific conditions needed do not commonly exist on modern earth

18
Q

What is the only way cells can be formed?

A

By the division of pre existing cells

19
Q

What is biogenesis?

A

The principle that living things only arise from other living things by reproduction

20
Q

Who is credited with the law of biogenesis?

A

Louis Pasteur

21
Q

What did Louis pasteur demonstrate?

A

Emergent bacteria growth in nutrient broths were due to contamination by pre existing cells

22
Q

In Louis Pasteurs experiment, were where broths stored?

A

In vessels with swan neck ducts

23
Q

In Louis Pasteurs experiment, why were swan neck vessels used?

A

To prevent external dust particles to pass

24
Q

In Louis Pasteurs experiment, what happened to the broths and why?

A

Boiled to kill any micro organisms present

25
In Louis Pasteurs experiment, where did the growth occur?
If the flasks were broken open as they were exposed to the outside contaminents
26
What did the louis pasteur experiment conclude?
That emergent bacterial growth came from external contaminants and did not spontaneously occur
27
What is an endosymbiont?
A cell which lives inside another cell with mutual benefit
28
Where is believed that eukaryotic cells evolved from?
Early prokaryotes that were engulfed by phagocytosis
29
What happened to the engulfed prokaryotic cell?
Remained undigested as it contributed a new function to the engulfing cell
30
Over generations, what happened to the engulfed cell?
Lost some of its independent utility and became an organelle
31
What are two organelles suggested to have arisen via endosymbiosis?
Mitochondria and chloroplasts
32
What is evidence that supports the extracellular origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts?
Membranes Antibiotics Division DNA Ribosomes
33
How are membranes evidence of endosymbiosis?
Some organelles have double membranes outer membrane may be vesicular in origin
34
How are antibiotics evidence for endosymbiosis?
They are susceptible to antibiotics which indicates organelles may have bacterial origins
35
How is division evidence for endosymbiosis?
Reproduction occurs via a fission-like process
36
How is DNA evidence for endosymbiosis?
Has own DNA which is naked and circular like prokaryotic DNA structure
37
How is ribosomes evidence for endosymbiosis?
Have ribosomes which are 70s in size like prokaryotes