Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

IB Biology > 1.1 Introduction to cells > Flashcards

1.1 Introduction to cells Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the three principles of cell theory?

A

All living things are composed of cells
The cell is the smallest unit of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the three exceptions to cell theory?

A

Striated muscle fibres
Aseptate fungal hyphae
Giant algae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What theory does striated muscle fibres challenge?

A

That cells always function as autonomous units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why are striated muscle fibres an exception to cell theory?

A

They fuse to form very long fibres and have multiple nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What cell theory idea does aseptate fungal hyphae challenge?

A

That living structures are composed of discrete cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How are aseptate fungal hyphae an exception to cell theory?

A

They are not partitioned by septa and have a continuous cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What idea of cell theory does giant algae challenge?

A

That larger organisms are made up of many cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does giant algae break cell theory?

A

Unicellular algae can grow up to 7cm in length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 7 functions of survival? Mr Sheng

A

Metabolism
Reproduction
Sensitivity
Homeostasis
Excretion
Nutrition
Growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Living things undertake essential chemical reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is reproduction?

A

Living things produce offspring either sexually or asexually

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is sensitivity?

A

Living things are responsive to interval and external stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Living things maintain a stable internal environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is excretion?

A

Living things exhibit the removal of waste products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is nutrition?

A

Living things exchange materials and gases with the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is growth?

A

Living things can move and change shape or size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How many life functions must unicellular organisms be able to carry out?

A

All of them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does paramecia do responsiveness?

A

They are surrounded by cilia which allow it to move

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does paramecia do nutrition?

A

Engulfs food via a cytosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How does paramecium do metabolism?

A

Food particles are enclosed within small vacuoles that contain enzymes for digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How does paramecium do excretion?

A

Solid wastes are removed by an anal pore whilst liquid wastes are pumped out by contractile vacuoles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How does paramecium do homeostatsis?

A

Essential gases enter and exit the cell via diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does paramecium do reproduction?

A

They divide assexually although horizontal gene transfer can occur via conjugation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How does scenedesmus do nutrition/excretion?

A

They exchange gases and other essential materials via diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How does scenedesmus do metabolism?

A

Chlorophyll pigments allow organic molecules to be produced via photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How does scenedesmus do reproduction?

A

Daughter cells form as non-motile autospores via the internal asexual division of the parent cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How does scenedesmus do responsiveness?

A

They may exist as unicells or form colonies for protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What do cells need to produce to survive?

A

Chemical energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does the production of chemical energy require?

A

The exchange of materials with the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the rate of metabolism of a cell?

A

A function of its mass/ volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What do larger cells need more of to sustain essential functions?

A

Energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the rate of material exchange a function of?

A

Its surface area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What does large membrane surface equate to more..?

A

Material movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

As a cell grows what increases faster?

A

Volume increases faster than surface area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What will happen if the metabolic rate exceeds the rate of exchange of vital materials and wastes?

A

The cell will eventually die due to to a low SA:Vol ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What does the increased volume and slower increase of surface area lead to?

A

Decreasing SA:Vol ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What do cells have to do in order to maintain a high SA:Vol ratio?

A

Divide and remain small

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What type of cells and tissues will increase their surface area and why?

A

Cells and tissues specialised for gas/material exchange to optimise material transfer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What does the intestinal tissue of the digestive tract do to increase the surface area of the inner lining?

A

Form a ruffled structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What do alveoli in the lungs have to increase the total membrane surface?

A

They have membranous extensions called microvilli

40
Q

What is the formula for calculating magnification?

A

Magnification = image size / actual size

M=I/A

41
Q

How do you measure image size?

A

With a ruler

42
Q

How do you measure actual size?

A

In accordance to the scale bar

43
Q

What is the formula to calculate the actual size of a magnified specimen?

A

Actual size = Image size / magnification

44
Q

What do light microscopes use to magnify images of mounted specimens?

A

Visible light and a combination of lenses

45
Q

How can living specimens be viewed in light microscopes?

A

In their natural colour

46
Q

When would a living specimen not be in their natural colour in a light microscope?

A

If a stain is applied to see specific structures

47
Q

When drawing microscopic structures what three conventions should be followed?

A

Title of the specimen
A magnification or scale
Structures should be labelled

48
Q

When do emergent properties arise?

A

When the interaction of individual component produce new functions

49
Q

Why can multicellular organisms complete functions that unicellular organisms can not?

A

Due to the collective actions of individual cells combining to create new synergistic effects

50
Q

What is the chain of organisation of multicellular organisms?

A

Cells
Tissues
Organ
System
Organism

51
Q

What do cells grouped together form?

A

Tissues

52
Q

What are organs formed of?

A

The functional grouping of multiple tissues

53
Q

What will organs that interact form?

A

Organ systems capable of carrying out specific body functions

54
Q

What do organ systems do?

A

Collectively carry out the life functions of the complete organism

55
Q

What is differentiation?

A

The process during development where newly formed cells become more specialised and distinct form one another as they mature

56
Q

What do all cells of an organism share?

A

An identical genome

57
Q

What does each cell contain?

A

The entire set of genetic instructions for that organism

58
Q

What will cause a cell to differentiate?

A

The activation of different genes within a given cell by chemical signals

59
Q

What is packaged in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell?

A

DNA with proteins to form chromatin

60
Q

How are active genes usually packaged?

A

In an expanded form called euchromatin

61
Q

How are inactive genes usually packaged?

A

In a condensed form called heterochromatin

62
Q

Which type of gene packing is accessible to be transcribed?

A

Euchromatin

63
Q

What will differentiated cells have different regions of?

A

DNA packaged as euchromatin and heterochromatin in accordance to their specific function

64
Q

What does a cell lose when it differentiates and becomes specialied?

A

The capacity to form alternative cell types

65
Q

What are the two key qualities of stem cells?

A

Self renewal and potency

66
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Unspecialised cells with key qualities

67
Q

What does self renewal mean?

A

They can continuously divide and replicate

68
Q

What does potency mean?

A

They have the capacity to differentiate into specialised cell types

69
Q

What are the four main types of stem cells?

A

Totipotent
Pluripotent
Multipotent
Unipotent

70
Q

What is a totipotent stem cell?

A

Can form any cell type as well as extra-embryonic tissue

71
Q

What is pluripotent stem cells?

A

Can form any cell type

72
Q

What is a multipotent stem cell?

A

They can differentiate into a number of closely related cell types

73
Q

What is a unipotent stem cell

A

They can not differentiate but acn self renew

74
Q

Why are stem cells necessary for embryonic development?

A

As they are an undifferentiated cell source from where all other cell types can be derived

75
Q

What are considered to be non-stem cells?

A

Cell types that are not capable of self-renewal

76
Q

Why have stem cells become a viable therapeutic option when tissues become damaged?

A

As non-stem cells cannot be regenerated or replaced

77
Q

What can stem cells be used to do?

A

Replace damaged/diseased cells with health ones

78
Q

What are the four thing using stem cell process require?

A
  • surgical implantation into the tissue
    Suppression of host immune system to prevent rejection of cells
    Careful monitoring of new cells
    use of biochemical solutions to trigger stem cells into desired cell type
79
Q

What is stargardts disease?

A

Inherited form of juvenile macular degeneration causing vision loss to the point of blindness

80
Q

What is stargardts disease caused by?

A

A gene mutation that impairs energy transport in retinal photoreceptor cells

81
Q

How is stargardts disease treated?

A

By replacing dead cells in the retina with functioning ones from stem cells

82
Q

What is parkinsons disease?

A

A degenerative disorder of the central nervous system caused by the death of dopamine secreting cells in the midbrain

83
Q

What do individuals with parkinsons typically exhibit?

A

Tremors, rigidity, postural instability and slowness of movement

84
Q

How is parkinsons disease treated?

A

By replacing dead nerve cells with living dopamine producing ones

85
Q

How are burn victims treated with stem cells?

A

Graft new skin cells to replace damaged tissue

86
Q

How is type 1 diabetes treated with stem cells?

A

Replace non functioning islet cells with those capable of making insulin

87
Q

How is paraplegia treated with stem cells?

A

Repair damage caused by spinal injuries to enable paralysed victims to regain movement

88
Q

How is leukemia treated with stem cells?

A

Bone marrow transplants for those who are immunocompromised as a result of chemotherapy

89
Q

What are the three sources stem cells can be derived from?

A

Embryos
Umbilical cords/placenta
Certain adult tissues

90
Q

Whilst using multipotent adult tissue may be effective for certain conditions what is its limitations?

A

Its scope of application

91
Q

What is the problem with stem cells derived from umbilical cord blood?

A

They need to be stored and preserved at a cost which raises issues of availability and access

92
Q

What is the argument against using embryos?

A

It requires the destruction of a potential living organism

93
Q

What are the two artificial stem cell techniques?

A

Somatic cell nuclear transfer and nuclear reprogamming

94
Q

What is somatic cell nuclear transfer?

A

Involves the creation of embryonic clones by fusing a diploid nucleus with an enucleated egg cell

95
Q

What is the problem with somatic cell nuclear transfer?

A

More embryos are created than needed which raises concerns about the exigency of excess embryos

96
Q

What is nuclear reprogramming?

A

Induces a change in the gene expression profile of a cell in order to transform it into a different cell type

97
Q

What are the disadvantages of nuclear reprogramming?

A

They is oncogenic retroviruses and transgenes which increases the risk of health consequences

IB Biology (57 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions