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IB Biology > 2.3 Carbohydrates and lipids > Flashcards

2.3 Carbohydrates and lipids Flashcards

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1
Q

How are monosaccharides linked together?

A

Via condensation reactions

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2
Q

What is formed as a by product in condensation reactions?

A

Water

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3
Q

What joins two monosaccharide monomers and to form what?

A

Glycosidic linkage to form a disaccharide

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4
Q

What joins many monosaccharide monomers to form what?

A

Glycosidic linkages to form polysaccharides

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5
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

One sugar unit that is typically sweet tasting

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6
Q

What is the function of a monosaccharide?

A

An immediate energy source for cells

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7
Q

What are three examples of monsaccharides?

A

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

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8
Q

What is the mnemonic for monosaccharides?

A

Gives Good Flavour

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9
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

Two sugar units

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10
Q

What are disaccharides small enough to be able to do?

A

To be soluble in water

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11
Q

What is the function of disaccharides?

A

Transport form

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12
Q

What are three examples of disaccharides?

A

Lactose
Sucrose
Maltose

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13
Q

What is the mnemonic for disaccharides?

A

Length supports movement

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14
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Many sugar units

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15
Q

What are the three functions of polysaccharides?

A

Energy storage
Cell structure
Cell recognition

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16
Q

What are the three examples of polysaccharides?

A

Cellulose
Glycogen
Starch

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17
Q

What is the mnemonic for polysaccharides?

A

Can get stored

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18
Q

What is cellulose?

A

A structural polysaccharide that is found in the cell wall of plants

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19
Q

What is the physical structure of cellulose?

A

A linear molecule
Composed of B-glucose subunits
Bound in a 1-4 arrangement

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20
Q

Why is cellulose indigestible for most animals?

A

Because it is composed of B-glucose and most animals lack the enzyme needed to break it down

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21
Q

Why can ruminants digest cellulose?

A

The presence of helpful bacteria in a specialised stomach

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22
Q

How do caecotrophs digest cellulose?

A

They will re-ingest specialised faeces that contain digested cellulose

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23
Q

What is starch?

A

An energy storage polysaccharide found in plants

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24
Q

What is the physical structure of starch?

A

Composed of a-glucose subunits
Bound in a 1-4 arrangement

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25
Q

What are the two types of starch?

A

Amylose and amylopectin

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26
Q

What is the difference between amylose and amylopectin?

A

Amylose is a linear helical molecule
Amylopectin is branched and contains additional 1-6 linkages

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27
Q

What is the preferred storage form in plants and why?

A

Amylose as it takes up less space

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28
Q

What is the downside to amylose?

A

It is harder to digest and less soluble

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29
Q

What is glycogen?

A

An energy storage polysaccharide formed in the liver in animals

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30
Q

What is the physical structure of glycogen?

A

Composed of a-glucose subunits
Linked by both 1-4 linkages and 1-6 linkages

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31
Q

What is glycogen similar to?

A

Amylopectin

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32
Q

How may fatty acids differ?

A

In the length of the hydrocarbon chain and in the number of double bonds

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33
Q

What are saturated fatty acids?

A

Fatty acids that possess no double bonds

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34
Q

Where do saturated fatty acids originate from?

A

Animal sources

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35
Q

What is the structure of saturated fatty acids?

A

Linear

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36
Q

What state are saturated fatty acids at in room temperatures?

A

Solid

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37
Q

What are unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Fatty acids with double bonds

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38
Q

What are the types of unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated

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39
Q

What is a monounsaturated fatty acid?

A

Fatty acid with one double bond

40
Q

What is a polyunsaturated fatty acid?

A

Fatty acids with more than one double bond

41
Q

Where do unsaturated fatty acids originate from?

A

Plant sources

42
Q

What is the structure of unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Bent

43
Q

What is the state of unsaturated fatty acids at room temperature?

A

Liquid

44
Q

What are the two structural configurations of unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Cis and trans isomers

45
Q

What is a cis isomer?

A

The hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon double bond are on the same side

46
Q

What is a trans isomer?

A

The hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon double bond are on different sides

47
Q

What is the way to produce trans fatty acids?

A

Hydrogenation

48
Q

What is the structure of trans fatty acids?

A

Generally linear

49
Q

What state are trans fatty acids usually in at room temperature?

A

Solid

50
Q

What is the largest class of lipids?

A

Triglycerides

51
Q

What is the function of triglycerides?

A

As long term energy storage molecules

52
Q

How do animals store triglycerides?

A

As fats

53
Q

How do plants store triglycerides?

A

As oils

54
Q

How are triglycerides formed?

A

When condensation reactions occur between one glycerol and three fatty acids

55
Q

What do the hydroxyl groups of glycerol combine with to form an ester linkage?

A

The carboxyl groups of the fatty acids

56
Q

What does the condensation reaction with triglycerides produce?

A

Three molecules of water

57
Q

What are the two types of triglycerides and what does it depend on?

A

Saturated or unsaturated depending on the composition of the fatty acid chains

58
Q

What type of fats raise blood cholesterol levels?

A

Saturated fats and trans fats

59
Q

What type of fats lower blood cholesterol levels?

A

Cis unsaturated fats

60
Q

As fats and cholesterol cannot dissolve in blood what happens?

A

Fats and cholesterol are packaged with proteins to form lipoproteins for transport

61
Q

What do low density lipoproteins do?

A

Carry cholesterol from the liver to the rest of the body

62
Q

What do high density lipoproteins do?

A

Scavenge excess cholesterol and carry it back to the liver for disposal

63
Q

What do LDLs affect blood cholesterol levels?

A

They raise them

64
Q

What do HDLs affect blood cholesterol levels?

A

Lower them

65
Q

What does the relationship between saturated fats and LDL levels do?

A

Saturated fats increase LDL levels which raise blood cholesterol levels

66
Q

What do trans fats do to LDL and HDL levels and what does that do?

A

Trans fats cause increase in LDL levels and decrease in HDL levels

67
Q

What do unsaturated cis fats do to HDL levels and what does that do?

A

Increase HDL levels which lowers blood cholesterol levels

68
Q

What does high cholesterol levels result in?

A

The hardening and narrowing of arteries

69
Q

What do LDL particles do when there are high levels of LDL in the bloodstream?

A

Form deposits in the walls of the arteries

70
Q

What does the accumulation of fat within the arterial walls lead to?

A

The development of plaques which restricts blood flow

71
Q

What causes coronary heart disease?

A

When coronary arteries become blocked

72
Q

What are the two health claims main about lipids in the diet?

A

Diets rich in saturated fats and trans fats increase the risk of CHD
Diets rich in unsaturated cis fats decrease the risk of CHD

73
Q

What are the three ways evidence has been collected about lipid health claims?

A

Epidemiological studies comparing different population groups
Intervention studies that monitor cohorts following diet adjustments
Experimental designs utilising animal models or data from autopsies

74
Q

What is the counter argument to the positive correlation between intake of saturated fats and CHD in populations?

A

Certain populations do not fir the trend like the maasai tribe

75
Q

When talking about lipid health claims what have intervention studies show?

A

That lowering intake of saturated fats reduces the risk of CHD

76
Q

What is a counter point to intervention studies on lipid health claims?

A

That the validity of intervention studies is dependent on the size, composition of participants and duration of study

77
Q

What is the argument to support lipid health claims about patients who died from CHD?

A

fatty deposits in diseased arteries were found to have high concentrations of trans fats

78
Q

What is a counter to the argument about patients who died from CHD?

A

Genetic factors may play a role

79
Q

What is an argument against lipid health claims in their entirety?

A

Saturated and trans fats have decreased but CHD has risen

80
Q

What counters the argument that lipid health claims don’t exist?

A

Increased carbohydrates may cause health effects associated with CHD

Incidence of CHD is dependent on other factors not just diets

81
Q

What are the five key ways that lipids and sugars differ?
(sodas)

A

Storage
Osmolarity
Digestion
ATP yield
Solubility

82
Q

Tell me about storage for carbohydrates?

A

Short term energy storage

83
Q

Tell me about storage for lipids?

A

Long term energy storage

84
Q

Tell me about Osmolarity for carbohydrates?

A

More effect on osmotic pressure

85
Q

Tell me about Osmolarity for lipids?

A

Less effect on osmotic pressure

86
Q

Tell me about digestion for carbohydrates?

A

More easily digested

Used for aerobic or anaerobic respiration

87
Q

Tell me about digestion for lipids?

A

Less easily digested

Can only be used for aerobic respiration

88
Q

Tell me about ATP yield for carbohydrates?

A

Stores half as much ATP per gram

89
Q

Tell me about ATP yield for lipids?

A

Stores twice as much ATP per gram

90
Q

Tell me about solubility for carbohydrates?

A

Water soluble as monomers

Easier to transport

91
Q

Tell me about solubility for lipids?

A

Not water solubility

More difficult to transport

92
Q

What does the body mass index do?

A

Provides a measure of relative mass based on the weight and height of the individual

93
Q

Why is the body mass index used?

A

To identify potential weight problems in sedentary adults

94
Q

What is the formula to calculate body mass index?

A

mass in kg/ (height in m)2

95
Q

For which groups of people are BMI values not a valid indicator for and why?

A

Athletes and pregnant women with atypical muscle/fat ratio

96
Q

What is an alternative way of calculating body mass?

A

Nomograms

97
Q

What do nomograms do?

A

Nomograms display height and weight on perpendicular axes and then assign BMI values to colour coded regions

IB Biology (57 decks)

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