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IB Biology > 2.2 Water > Flashcards

2.2 Water Flashcards

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1
Q

What is water made up of?

A

Two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to an oxygen atom

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2
Q

What does covalent bonding involve with electrons?

A

The sharing of electrons

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3
Q

What is different in water molecules that does not match a typical covalent bonding property?

A

Electrons are not equally shared between the atoms

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4
Q

Which element in water attracts electrons more strongly and why?

A

Oxygen due to having a higher electronegativity

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5
Q

What causes polarity in water molecules?

A

The shared electrons orbit closer to the oxygen atom than the hydrogen atoms

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6
Q

Why is water described as being polar?

A

As it has a slight charge difference across the different poles of the molecule

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7
Q

What is the charge of oxygen atoms?

A

Slightly negative

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8
Q

What is the charge of hydrogen atoms?

A

Slightly positive

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9
Q

What allows water to form weak associations with other polar molecules?

A

The charge difference across the molecule

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10
Q

What will the slightly negative poles attract?

A

The slightly positive poles of other molecules

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11
Q

What does a hydrogen atom form when it is attached to fluorine, oxygen or nitrogen of another molecule?

A

A hydrogen bond

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12
Q

Why are hydrogen bonds relatively stronger than other polar associations?

A

Due to the high electronegativity of Fluorine, Oxygen and nitrogen

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13
Q

What does the dipolarity of a water molecule enable?

A

To form polar associations with other charged molecules

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14
Q

What bond can water form with other water molecules?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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15
Q

What are the three distinct properties of water?

A

Thermal properties
Cohesive/adhesive properties
Solvent properties

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16
Q

What gives water distinct properties not seen in other substances?

A

The intermolecular bonding between water molecules

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17
Q

Explain the thermal property of water?

A

Water can absorb much heat before changing state

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18
Q

What does water changing state require?

A

The breaking of hydrogen bonds and that needs the absorption of energy

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19
Q

Explain cohesive/adhesive properties of water?

A

Water will stick to other water molecules and charged molecules

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20
Q

What is cohesion?

A

When like molecules sticks together

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21
Q

What is adhesion?

A

When dissimilar molecules stick together

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22
Q

Explain solvent properties of water?

A

Water dissolves polar and ionic substances

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23
Q

What does water form to draw materials apart?

A

Competing polar associations

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24
Q

Why can water absorb significant amounts of heat before changing state?

A

Due to the hydrogen bonding between water molecules

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25
Q

Why is water an excellent medium for living organisms?

A

It is relatively slow to change temperature and thus supports the maintenance of constant conditions

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26
Q

Why does methane provide a good basis of comparison of water?

A

Due to the similarities in their structures

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27
Q

What does methane and water have in common?

A

Comparable size and weight
Comparable valence structures

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28
Q

Where do the differences in thermal properties between water and methane come from?

A

Differences in polarity between the molecules

29
Q

Is methane polar or non polar?

A

Non polar

30
Q

What type of bonds can methane form between its molecules?

A

Weak dispersion forces

31
Q

What absorbs more heat before changing heat: methane or water?

A

Water

32
Q

Does methane or water have a higher melting and boiling point?

A

Water

33
Q

Does methane or water have a higher specific heat capacity?

A

Water

34
Q

Does methane or water have a higher heat of vaporisation?

A

Water

35
Q

Does methane of water have a higher heat of fusion?

A

Water

36
Q

What is a mechanism used by humans to cool down?

A

The evaporation of water as sweat

37
Q

What does evaporation require?

A

An input of energy

38
Q

Where does the energy needed for evaporation for sweat come from?

A

The surface of the the skin when it is hot

39
Q

What happens to the skin when sweat evaporates?

A

It cools

40
Q

Because water is polar it will be attracted to other molecules that are…

A

Polar or have an iconic charge

41
Q

Why does water absorb a lot of thermal energy before it evaporates?

A

Because it has a high specific heat capacity

42
Q

What will water form with polar and charged molecules?

A

Intermolecular associations

43
Q
A
44
Q

What explains waters surface tension?

A

Its cohesive properties

45
Q

What does hydrogen bonding between water molecules allow?

A

The liquid to resist low levels of external force

46
Q

What allows water to flow in opposition to gravity?

A

Attraction to charged or polar surfaces

46
Q

What explains waters capillary action?

A

Its adhesive properties

46
Q

What makes water suitable for smaller organisms to move along its surface?

A

Its high surface tension which makes it sufficiently dense

47
Q

Why is capillary action necessary?

A

To allow water to be transported up plant stems via a transpiration stream

48
Q

Why is water often referred to as the universal solvent?

A

Due to its capability to dissolve a large number of substances

49
Q

What can water dissolve?

A

Any substance that contains charged particles or electronegative atoms

50
Q

Why can water dissolve substances?

A

Because the polar attraction of the large amounts of water molecules can weaken intramolecular forces which causes the dissociation of the atoms

51
Q

What forms dispersive hydration shells?

A

The slightly charged regions of the water molecule surround atoms of opposing charge

52
Q

What are hydrophilic substances?

A

Substances that freely associate and readily dissolve in water

53
Q

What are examples of hydrophilic substances?

A

All polar molecules and ions

54
Q

What are hydrophobic substances?

A

Substances that do not freely associate or dissolve in water

55
Q

What are examples of hydrophobic substances?

A

Large, non polar molecules

56
Q

What does the transport of essential molecules within the bloodstream depend on?

A

Their solubility in water

57
Q

What is the difference in water soluble and water insoluble substances when they travel in the blood plasma?

A

Water soluble substances can move freely but water insoluble substances cannot

58
Q

What are four water soluble substances?

A

Sodium chloride
Oxygen
Glucose
Amino acids

59
Q

Why can sodium chloride transport freely in blood?

A

It is an ionic compound

60
Q

Is oxygen soluble?

A

Yes but in low amounts

61
Q

How does most oxygen travel in the blood?

A

By haemoglobin within red blood cells

62
Q

Why can glucose travel freely in blood?

A

As it has many hydroxyl groups which can associate with water

63
Q

What state must amino acids be in for them to be transported in the blood?

A

An ionized state

64
Q

Why won’t lipid dissolve in water?

A

Because they are non polar and hydrophobic

65
Q

How do lipids move through the bloodstream?

A

By forming complexes with proteins called lipoproteins

66
Q

What direction does the hydrophilic portions of proteins, cholesterol and phospholipids face and why?

A

Outwards to shield the the internal hydrophobic components

IB Biology (57 decks)

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