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IB Biology > 5.3 Classification of biodiversity > Flashcards

5.3 Classification of biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the binomial system of nomenclature?

A

It is the formal system by which all living species are classified

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2
Q

How often is the binomial system updated?

A

Every four years

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3
Q

Why is the binomial system of nomenclature valuable?

A
  • Allows identification and comparison of organisms based on recognised characteristics
  • It allows all organisms to be named accordingly to a globally recognised scheme
  • It can show how closely related organisms are
  • It makes it easier to collect, sort and group information about organisms
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4
Q

Where is the binomial system of nomenclature assessed and updated?

A

At a series of international congresses

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5
Q

When hand writing the scientific name how should you do it?

A

Underline it

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6
Q

When typing the scientific name how should you do it?

A

In italics

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7
Q

According to the binomial system of nomenclature what are the two parts of a scientific name?

A

Genus and Species

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8
Q

What is the order of writing the scientific name?

A

Genus first
Species second

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9
Q

What should you do when writing the genus?

A

Capitalise it

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10
Q

What should you do when writing the species?

A

Write it in lower case

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11
Q

How many domains are organisms classified into?

A

Three

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12
Q

What are the three domains living organisms are classified into?

A

Eukarya
Archaea
Eubacteria

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13
Q

What is the Eukarya domain?

A

Eukaryotic organisms that contain a membrane-bound nucleus

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14
Q

What does the eukarya domain include?

A

Protist
Plants
Fungi
Animals

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15
Q

What is the Archaea domain?

A

Prokaryotic cells lacking a nucleus and consist of the extremophiles

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16
Q

What is the Eubacteria domain?

A

Prokaryotic cells lacking a nucleus and consist of the common pathogenic forms

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17
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

Taxonomy is the science involved with classifying groups of organisms on the basis of shared characteristics

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18
Q

What are organisms grouped in accordance to?

A

A hierarchy of taxa

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19
Q

The more taxa organisms share…

A

The more similar they are

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20
Q

What are the taxas uesd?

A

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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21
Q

What is a mnemonic to remember the hierarchy of taxa?

A

Katy
Perry
Comes
Over
For
Some
Grape
Soda

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22
Q

Why are animal and plants in the same domain?

A

Because they are composed of eukaryotic cells

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23
Q

Why do animals and plant differ in their classifications?

A

Because they belong to different kingdoms

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24
Q

What are the two main types of classification schemes?

A

Artificial classification and natural classification

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25
Q

What is artificial classfifcation?

A

Artificial classification involves arbitrarily selecting unifying characteristics first and then grouping organisms accordingly

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26
Q

What is the advantage of artificial classification?

A

Such schemes are easy to develop and relatively stable

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27
Q

What is the disadvantage of artificial classification?

A

They generally do not show evolutionary relationships and as a result are not commonly used

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28
Q

What is natural classification?

A

Natural classification involves grouping organisms based on similarities first and then identifying shared characteristics

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29
Q

According to natural classification what do members of a particular group have?

A

A common ancestor

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30
Q

What are natural classification schemes used for?

A

To predict characteristics shared by a species within a group

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31
Q

What is a disadvantage of natural classification?

A

They are highly mutable and tend to change as new information is discovered

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32
Q

What is phylogenetic classification?

A

It differentiates organisms based on genetics

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33
Q

What is an advantage of natural classification and why is it important?

A

It determines traits based on groupings rather than assigning groups based on traits.

Its important as it shows evolutionary relationships and predicts characteristics shared by species within a group.

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34
Q

According to natural classifications what does each taxonomic level include?

A

All species that would have evolved from a common ancestor

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35
Q

When would taxonomists reclassify groups of species?

A

When new evidence shows that a previous taxon contains species that have evolved from different ancestral species

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36
Q

How many phyla does the kingdom plantae have?

A

12 phyla

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37
Q

What are the four plant phyla you need to know?

A

Bryophyta
Filicinophyta
Coniferophyta
Angiospermophyta

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38
Q

What plant phyla does not have true leaves, roots or stems?

A

Bryophyta

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39
Q

What plant phylas have leaves, roots and stems?

A

Filicinophyta
Coniferophyta
Angiospermophyta

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40
Q

What plant phylas have vascularisation present?

A

Filicinophyta
Coniferophyta
Angiospermophyta

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41
Q

What plant phylas don’t have vascularisation present?

A

Bryophyta

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42
Q

What plant phylas have spores?

A

Bryophyta
Filicinophyta

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43
Q

What plant phylas have seeds?

A

Coniferophyta
Angiospermophyta

44
Q

What other features do bryophyta have?

A

Anchored by rhizoids

45
Q

What other features do filicinophyta have?

A

Leaves are pinnate

46
Q

What other features do coniferophyta have?

A

Woody stems

47
Q

What other features do angiospermophyta have?

A

Have flowers and fruits

48
Q

What is an example of bryophyta?

A

Mosses

49
Q

What is an example of filicinophyta?

A

Ferns

50
Q

What is an example of coniferophyta?

A

Conifers

51
Q

What is an example of angiospermophyta?

A

Flowers

52
Q

What are the two groups the animalia kingdom is subdivided into?

A

Invertebrates
Vertebrates

53
Q

What are the invertebrate phyla you must know?

A

Porifera
Cnidaria
Platyhelmintha
Annelida
Mollusca
Arthropoda

54
Q

What invertebrate phyla have bilateral symmetry?

A

Platyhelimintha
Annelida
Mollusca
Arthropoda

55
Q

What invertebrate phyla has radial symmetry?

A

Cnidaria

56
Q

What invertebrate phyla is asymmetrical?

A

Porifera

57
Q

What invertebrate phyla has no body cavity and pores instead?

A

Porifera

58
Q

What invertebrate phyla has a mouth but no anus?

A

Cnidaria
Platyhelmintha

59
Q

What invertebrate phyla has a mouth and anus?

A

Annelida
Mollusca
Arthropoda

60
Q

What invertebrate phyla has no segmentation?

A

Porifera
Cnidaria
Platyhelmintha

61
Q

What invertebrate phyla is segmented?

A

Annelida
Arthropoda

62
Q

What invertebrate phyla has non-visble segmentation?

A

Mollusca

63
Q

What is an other feature of porifera?

A

Spicules for support

64
Q

What is an other feature of Cnidaria?

A

Stinging cells (cnidocytes)

65
Q

What is an other feature of Platyhelmintha?

A

Flattened body

66
Q

What is an other feature of Annelida?

A

Move via peristalsis

67
Q

What is an other feature of Mollusca?

A

May have a shell (made by mantle)

68
Q

What is an other feature of Arthropoda?

A

Exoskeleton (chitin)

69
Q

What is an example of Porifera?

A

Sea sponge

70
Q

What is an example of Cnidaria?

A

Jellyfish
Coral
Sea anemone

71
Q

What is an example of Platyhelmintha?

A

Tapeworm
Planaria

72
Q

What is an example of Annelida?

A

Earthworm
Leech

73
Q

What is an example of Mollusca?

A

Snail
Octopus
Squid
Bivalves

74
Q

What is an example of Arthropoda?

A

Insects
Spiders
Crustaceans

75
Q

What are chordates?

A

Chordates are animals that possess certain key features in an embryonic state that may persist into adulthood

76
Q

What are the key features of chordates?

A

Notochord
Hollow dorsal neural tube
Pharyngeal slits
Postanal tail

77
Q

In some chordates what will the neural tube and notochord develop into?

A

Neural tube into the spine
Notochord into a protective backbone

78
Q

What are the sub-phylum of chordates/ vertebrates?

A

Birds
Mammals
Amphibians
Reptiles
Fish

79
Q

What is the body covering of fish?

A

Scales made out of bony plates

80
Q

What is the body covering of amphibian?

A

Moist skin

81
Q

What is the body covering of reptiles?

A

Scales made out of keratin

82
Q

What is the body covering of Birds?

A

Feathers

83
Q

What is the body covering of mammals?

A

Hair

84
Q

What is the reproduction of fish and amphibians?

A

External

85
Q

What is the reproduction of reptiles?

A

Internal - lays soft eggs

86
Q

What is the reproduction of birds?

A

Internal - lays hard eggs

87
Q

What is the reproduction of mammals?

A

Internal - live births

88
Q

How do fish breath?

A

Gills

89
Q

How do amphibians breath?

A

Simple lungs and via skin

90
Q

How do birds breathe?

A

Lungs with bronchial tubes

91
Q

How do reptiles breath?

A

Lungs with extensive folding

92
Q

How do mammals breathe?

A

Lungs with alveoli

93
Q

What vertebrate classes/chordates are ectothermic?

A

Fish
Amphibian
Reptile

94
Q

What vertebrate classes/chordates are endothermic?

A

Bird
Mammal

95
Q

What is an other feature of fish?

A

Have a swim bladder

96
Q

What is an other feature of amphibians?

A

Larval state in water, adult state on land

97
Q

What is an other feature of reptiles?

A

Simple teeth with no living tissue

98
Q

What is an other feature of birds?

A

Have wings and beaks with no teeth

99
Q

What is an other feature of mammals?

A

Feed young with milk from mammary gland

100
Q

What is a dichotomous key?

A

It is a method of identification whereby groups of organisms are divided into two categories repeatedly

101
Q

What happens with each sequential division of a dichotomous key?

A

More information is revealed about the specific features of a particular organism

102
Q

When is an organism identified on a dichotomous key?

A

When the organism no longer shares its totality of selected characteristics with any organism

103
Q

What are the two ways dichotomous keys are represented?

A

As a branching flowchart or as a series of paired statements laid out in a numbered sequence

104
Q

What are the preferred features used to identify a specimen on a dichotomous key?

A

Physical structures
Biological processes

105
Q

What are not used as features on dichotomous keys and why?

A

Size, colouration and behavioural patterns because they vary across individuals and across lifetimes

IB Biology (57 decks)

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