5.3 Classification of biodiversity Flashcards
What is the binomial system of nomenclature?
It is the formal system by which all living species are classified
How often is the binomial system updated?
Every four years
Why is the binomial system of nomenclature valuable?
- Allows identification and comparison of organisms based on recognised characteristics
- It allows all organisms to be named accordingly to a globally recognised scheme
- It can show how closely related organisms are
- It makes it easier to collect, sort and group information about organisms
Where is the binomial system of nomenclature assessed and updated?
At a series of international congresses
When hand writing the scientific name how should you do it?
Underline it
When typing the scientific name how should you do it?
In italics
According to the binomial system of nomenclature what are the two parts of a scientific name?
Genus and Species
What is the order of writing the scientific name?
Genus first
Species second
What should you do when writing the genus?
Capitalise it
What should you do when writing the species?
Write it in lower case
How many domains are organisms classified into?
Three
What are the three domains living organisms are classified into?
Eukarya
Archaea
Eubacteria
What is the Eukarya domain?
Eukaryotic organisms that contain a membrane-bound nucleus
What does the eukarya domain include?
Protist
Plants
Fungi
Animals
What is the Archaea domain?
Prokaryotic cells lacking a nucleus and consist of the extremophiles
What is the Eubacteria domain?
Prokaryotic cells lacking a nucleus and consist of the common pathogenic forms
What is taxonomy?
Taxonomy is the science involved with classifying groups of organisms on the basis of shared characteristics
What are organisms grouped in accordance to?
A hierarchy of taxa
The more taxa organisms share…
The more similar they are
What are the taxas uesd?
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
What is a mnemonic to remember the hierarchy of taxa?
Katy
Perry
Comes
Over
For
Some
Grape
Soda
Why are animal and plants in the same domain?
Because they are composed of eukaryotic cells
Why do animals and plant differ in their classifications?
Because they belong to different kingdoms
What are the two main types of classification schemes?
Artificial classification and natural classification
What is artificial classfifcation?
Artificial classification involves arbitrarily selecting unifying characteristics first and then grouping organisms accordingly
What is the advantage of artificial classification?
Such schemes are easy to develop and relatively stable
What is the disadvantage of artificial classification?
They generally do not show evolutionary relationships and as a result are not commonly used
What is natural classification?
Natural classification involves grouping organisms based on similarities first and then identifying shared characteristics
According to natural classification what do members of a particular group have?
A common ancestor
What are natural classification schemes used for?
To predict characteristics shared by a species within a group
What is a disadvantage of natural classification?
They are highly mutable and tend to change as new information is discovered
What is phylogenetic classification?
It differentiates organisms based on genetics
What is an advantage of natural classification and why is it important?
It determines traits based on groupings rather than assigning groups based on traits.
Its important as it shows evolutionary relationships and predicts characteristics shared by species within a group.
According to natural classifications what does each taxonomic level include?
All species that would have evolved from a common ancestor
When would taxonomists reclassify groups of species?
When new evidence shows that a previous taxon contains species that have evolved from different ancestral species
How many phyla does the kingdom plantae have?
12 phyla
What are the four plant phyla you need to know?
Bryophyta
Filicinophyta
Coniferophyta
Angiospermophyta
What plant phyla does not have true leaves, roots or stems?
Bryophyta
What plant phylas have leaves, roots and stems?
Filicinophyta
Coniferophyta
Angiospermophyta
What plant phylas have vascularisation present?
Filicinophyta
Coniferophyta
Angiospermophyta
What plant phylas don’t have vascularisation present?
Bryophyta
What plant phylas have spores?
Bryophyta
Filicinophyta
What plant phylas have seeds?
Coniferophyta
Angiospermophyta
What other features do bryophyta have?
Anchored by rhizoids
What other features do filicinophyta have?
Leaves are pinnate
What other features do coniferophyta have?
Woody stems
What other features do angiospermophyta have?
Have flowers and fruits
What is an example of bryophyta?
Mosses
What is an example of filicinophyta?
Ferns
What is an example of coniferophyta?
Conifers
What is an example of angiospermophyta?
Flowers
What are the two groups the animalia kingdom is subdivided into?
Invertebrates
Vertebrates
What are the invertebrate phyla you must know?
Porifera
Cnidaria
Platyhelmintha
Annelida
Mollusca
Arthropoda
What invertebrate phyla have bilateral symmetry?
Platyhelimintha
Annelida
Mollusca
Arthropoda
What invertebrate phyla has radial symmetry?
Cnidaria
What invertebrate phyla is asymmetrical?
Porifera
What invertebrate phyla has no body cavity and pores instead?
Porifera
What invertebrate phyla has a mouth but no anus?
Cnidaria
Platyhelmintha
What invertebrate phyla has a mouth and anus?
Annelida
Mollusca
Arthropoda
What invertebrate phyla has no segmentation?
Porifera
Cnidaria
Platyhelmintha
What invertebrate phyla is segmented?
Annelida
Arthropoda
What invertebrate phyla has non-visble segmentation?
Mollusca
What is an other feature of porifera?
Spicules for support
What is an other feature of Cnidaria?
Stinging cells (cnidocytes)
What is an other feature of Platyhelmintha?
Flattened body
What is an other feature of Annelida?
Move via peristalsis
What is an other feature of Mollusca?
May have a shell (made by mantle)
What is an other feature of Arthropoda?
Exoskeleton (chitin)
What is an example of Porifera?
Sea sponge
What is an example of Cnidaria?
Jellyfish
Coral
Sea anemone
What is an example of Platyhelmintha?
Tapeworm
Planaria
What is an example of Annelida?
Earthworm
Leech
What is an example of Mollusca?
Snail
Octopus
Squid
Bivalves
What is an example of Arthropoda?
Insects
Spiders
Crustaceans
What are chordates?
Chordates are animals that possess certain key features in an embryonic state that may persist into adulthood
What are the key features of chordates?
Notochord
Hollow dorsal neural tube
Pharyngeal slits
Postanal tail
In some chordates what will the neural tube and notochord develop into?
Neural tube into the spine
Notochord into a protective backbone
What are the sub-phylum of chordates/ vertebrates?
Birds
Mammals
Amphibians
Reptiles
Fish
What is the body covering of fish?
Scales made out of bony plates
What is the body covering of amphibian?
Moist skin
What is the body covering of reptiles?
Scales made out of keratin
What is the body covering of Birds?
Feathers
What is the body covering of mammals?
Hair
What is the reproduction of fish and amphibians?
External
What is the reproduction of reptiles?
Internal - lays soft eggs
What is the reproduction of birds?
Internal - lays hard eggs
What is the reproduction of mammals?
Internal - live births
How do fish breath?
Gills
How do amphibians breath?
Simple lungs and via skin
How do birds breathe?
Lungs with bronchial tubes
How do reptiles breath?
Lungs with extensive folding
How do mammals breathe?
Lungs with alveoli
What vertebrate classes/chordates are ectothermic?
Fish
Amphibian
Reptile
What vertebrate classes/chordates are endothermic?
Bird
Mammal
What is an other feature of fish?
Have a swim bladder
What is an other feature of amphibians?
Larval state in water, adult state on land
What is an other feature of reptiles?
Simple teeth with no living tissue
What is an other feature of birds?
Have wings and beaks with no teeth
What is an other feature of mammals?
Feed young with milk from mammary gland
What is a dichotomous key?
It is a method of identification whereby groups of organisms are divided into two categories repeatedly
What happens with each sequential division of a dichotomous key?
More information is revealed about the specific features of a particular organism
When is an organism identified on a dichotomous key?
When the organism no longer shares its totality of selected characteristics with any organism
What are the two ways dichotomous keys are represented?
As a branching flowchart or as a series of paired statements laid out in a numbered sequence
What are the preferred features used to identify a specimen on a dichotomous key?
Physical structures
Biological processes
What are not used as features on dichotomous keys and why?
Size, colouration and behavioural patterns because they vary across individuals and across lifetimes
