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IB Biology > 5.3 Classification of biodiversity > Flashcards

5.3 Classification of biodiversity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the binomial system of nomenclature?

A

It is the formal system by which all living species are classified

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2
Q

How often is the binomial system updated?

A

Every four years

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3
Q

Why is the binomial system of nomenclature valuable?

A
  • Allows identification and comparison of organisms based on recognised characteristics
  • It allows all organisms to be named accordingly to a globally recognised scheme
  • It can show how closely related organisms are
  • It makes it easier to collect, sort and group information about organisms
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4
Q

Where is the binomial system of nomenclature assessed and updated?

A

At a series of international congresses

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5
Q

When hand writing the scientific name how should you do it?

A

Underline it

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6
Q

When typing the scientific name how should you do it?

A

In italics

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7
Q

According to the binomial system of nomenclature what are the two parts of a scientific name?

A

Genus and Species

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8
Q

What is the order of writing the scientific name?

A

Genus first
Species second

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9
Q

What should you do when writing the genus?

A

Capitalise it

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10
Q

What should you do when writing the species?

A

Write it in lower case

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11
Q

How many domains are organisms classified into?

A

Three

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12
Q

What are the three domains living organisms are classified into?

A

Eukarya
Archaea
Eubacteria

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13
Q

What is the Eukarya domain?

A

Eukaryotic organisms that contain a membrane-bound nucleus

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14
Q

What does the eukarya domain include?

A

Protist
Plants
Fungi
Animals

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15
Q

What is the Archaea domain?

A

Prokaryotic cells lacking a nucleus and consist of the extremophiles

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16
Q

What is the Eubacteria domain?

A

Prokaryotic cells lacking a nucleus and consist of the common pathogenic forms

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17
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

Taxonomy is the science involved with classifying groups of organisms on the basis of shared characteristics

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18
Q

What are organisms grouped in accordance to?

A

A hierarchy of taxa

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19
Q

The more taxa organisms share…

A

The more similar they are

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20
Q

What are the taxas uesd?

A

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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21
Q

What is a mnemonic to remember the hierarchy of taxa?

A

Katy
Perry
Comes
Over
For
Some
Grape
Soda

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22
Q

Why are animal and plants in the same domain?

A

Because they are composed of eukaryotic cells

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23
Q

Why do animals and plant differ in their classifications?

A

Because they belong to different kingdoms

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24
Q

What are the two main types of classification schemes?

A

Artificial classification and natural classification

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25
What is artificial classfifcation?
Artificial classification involves arbitrarily selecting unifying characteristics first and then grouping organisms accordingly
26
What is the advantage of artificial classification?
Such schemes are easy to develop and relatively stable
27
What is the disadvantage of artificial classification?
They generally do not show evolutionary relationships and as a result are not commonly used
28
What is natural classification?
Natural classification involves grouping organisms based on similarities first and then identifying shared characteristics
29
According to natural classification what do members of a particular group have?
A common ancestor
30
What are natural classification schemes used for?
To predict characteristics shared by a species within a group
31
What is a disadvantage of natural classification?
They are highly mutable and tend to change as new information is discovered
32
What is phylogenetic classification?
It differentiates organisms based on genetics
33
What is an advantage of natural classification and why is it important?
It determines traits based on groupings rather than assigning groups based on traits. Its important as it shows evolutionary relationships and predicts characteristics shared by species within a group.
34
According to natural classifications what does each taxonomic level include?
All species that would have evolved from a common ancestor
35
When would taxonomists reclassify groups of species?
When new evidence shows that a previous taxon contains species that have evolved from different ancestral species
36
How many phyla does the kingdom plantae have?
12 phyla
37
What are the four plant phyla you need to know?
Bryophyta Filicinophyta Coniferophyta Angiospermophyta
38
What plant phyla does not have true leaves, roots or stems?
Bryophyta
39
What plant phylas have leaves, roots and stems?
Filicinophyta Coniferophyta Angiospermophyta
40
What plant phylas have vascularisation present?
Filicinophyta Coniferophyta Angiospermophyta
41
What plant phylas don't have vascularisation present?
Bryophyta
42
What plant phylas have spores?
Bryophyta Filicinophyta
43
What plant phylas have seeds?
Coniferophyta Angiospermophyta
44
What other features do bryophyta have?
Anchored by rhizoids
45
What other features do filicinophyta have?
Leaves are pinnate
46
What other features do coniferophyta have?
Woody stems
47
What other features do angiospermophyta have?
Have flowers and fruits
48
What is an example of bryophyta?
Mosses
49
What is an example of filicinophyta?
Ferns
50
What is an example of coniferophyta?
Conifers
51
What is an example of angiospermophyta?
Flowers
52
What are the two groups the animalia kingdom is subdivided into?
Invertebrates Vertebrates
53
What are the invertebrate phyla you must know?
Porifera Cnidaria Platyhelmintha Annelida Mollusca Arthropoda
54
What invertebrate phyla have bilateral symmetry?
Platyhelimintha Annelida Mollusca Arthropoda
55
What invertebrate phyla has radial symmetry?
Cnidaria
56
What invertebrate phyla is asymmetrical?
Porifera
57
What invertebrate phyla has no body cavity and pores instead?
Porifera
58
What invertebrate phyla has a mouth but no anus?
Cnidaria Platyhelmintha
59
What invertebrate phyla has a mouth and anus?
Annelida Mollusca Arthropoda
60
What invertebrate phyla has no segmentation?
Porifera Cnidaria Platyhelmintha
61
What invertebrate phyla is segmented?
Annelida Arthropoda
62
What invertebrate phyla has non-visble segmentation?
Mollusca
63
What is an other feature of porifera?
Spicules for support
64
What is an other feature of Cnidaria?
Stinging cells (cnidocytes)
65
What is an other feature of Platyhelmintha?
Flattened body
66
What is an other feature of Annelida?
Move via peristalsis
67
What is an other feature of Mollusca?
May have a shell (made by mantle)
68
What is an other feature of Arthropoda?
Exoskeleton (chitin)
69
What is an example of Porifera?
Sea sponge
70
What is an example of Cnidaria?
Jellyfish Coral Sea anemone
71
What is an example of Platyhelmintha?
Tapeworm Planaria
72
What is an example of Annelida?
Earthworm Leech
73
What is an example of Mollusca?
Snail Octopus Squid Bivalves
74
What is an example of Arthropoda?
Insects Spiders Crustaceans
75
What are chordates?
Chordates are animals that possess certain key features in an embryonic state that may persist into adulthood
76
What are the key features of chordates?
Notochord Hollow dorsal neural tube Pharyngeal slits Postanal tail
77
In some chordates what will the neural tube and notochord develop into?
Neural tube into the spine Notochord into a protective backbone
78
What are the sub-phylum of chordates/ vertebrates?
Birds Mammals Amphibians Reptiles Fish
79
What is the body covering of fish?
Scales made out of bony plates
80
What is the body covering of amphibian?
Moist skin
81
What is the body covering of reptiles?
Scales made out of keratin
82
What is the body covering of Birds?
Feathers
83
What is the body covering of mammals?
Hair
84
What is the reproduction of fish and amphibians?
External
85
What is the reproduction of reptiles?
Internal - lays soft eggs
86
What is the reproduction of birds?
Internal - lays hard eggs
87
What is the reproduction of mammals?
Internal - live births
88
How do fish breath?
Gills
89
How do amphibians breath?
Simple lungs and via skin
90
How do birds breathe?
Lungs with bronchial tubes
91
How do reptiles breath?
Lungs with extensive folding
92
How do mammals breathe?
Lungs with alveoli
93
What vertebrate classes/chordates are ectothermic?
Fish Amphibian Reptile
94
What vertebrate classes/chordates are endothermic?
Bird Mammal
95
What is an other feature of fish?
Have a swim bladder
96
What is an other feature of amphibians?
Larval state in water, adult state on land
97
What is an other feature of reptiles?
Simple teeth with no living tissue
98
What is an other feature of birds?
Have wings and beaks with no teeth
99
What is an other feature of mammals?
Feed young with milk from mammary gland
100
What is a dichotomous key?
It is a method of identification whereby groups of organisms are divided into two categories repeatedly
101
What happens with each sequential division of a dichotomous key?
More information is revealed about the specific features of a particular organism
102
When is an organism identified on a dichotomous key?
When the organism no longer shares its totality of selected characteristics with any organism
103
What are the two ways dichotomous keys are represented?
As a branching flowchart or as a series of paired statements laid out in a numbered sequence
104
What are the preferred features used to identify a specimen on a dichotomous key?
Physical structures Biological processes
105
What are not used as features on dichotomous keys and why?
Size, colouration and behavioural patterns because they vary across individuals and across lifetimes

IB Biology (57 decks)

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