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Spring 2022 > BIOL 437 Week Two Part 2 > Flashcards

BIOL 437 Week Two Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

exposure examples

A
  • micro-organism

- tobacco components

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2
Q

incumbation/latency period

A
  • stage of subclinical disease when individual is unaware of pathological changes that are occuring
  • asymptomatic
  • variable duration
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3
Q

incubation period

A
  • infectious disease
  • some pathological changes can be detected with specific tests
  • interventions most effective at this stage before symptomatic
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4
Q

latency period

A

-chronic conditions

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5
Q

onset of symptoms

A
  • transition from subclinical to clincal disease

- when most diagnoses are made

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6
Q

spectrum of disease

A
  • variability of severity from mild to severe

- disease process ends with recovery, disability or death

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7
Q

infectivity

A

-the proportion of exposed persons who become infected

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8
Q

pathogenicity

A

-the proportion of infected individuals who develop clinically apparent disease

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9
Q

virulence

A

-the proportion of clinically apparent cases that are severe of fatal

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10
Q

carrier state

A

-individuals who are infectious but have subclinical disease (incubating disease)
>have an inapparent infection who never shows symptoms
-individuals who have recovered from clincial illness but remain infectious

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11
Q

iceberg concept

A
  • recognizes the importance of inapparent cases

- host and cell level

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12
Q

clincial disease

A

-signs and symtoms evident

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13
Q

non-clinical (inapparent) disease types

A
  1. Preclinical
  2. Subclinical
  3. Persistant (chronic)
  4. Latent
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14
Q

preclinical

A

-will become clinical

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15
Q

subclinical

A

-diagnosed with serology or culture

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16
Q

persistant (chronic)

A

-infection persists

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17
Q

latent

A

-infection with no active agent replication

>not a risk to other individuals

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18
Q

carrier status

A
  • individual ‘hosts’ the organism but is not infected
  • no serological evidence of antibody
  • limited duration or chronic
  • able to infect others
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19
Q

Typhoid Mary (Mary Mallon)

A
  • carrier for samonella
  • caused at least 10 typhoid fever outbreaks
  • was a cook in NYC
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20
Q

viability

A
  • the capacity of the pathogen or disease-causing agent to survive outside the host and to exist in the environment
    ex. guinea worm is 1 year, must break the cycle for 1 year
21
Q

5 major disease categoreies

A
  1. Congenital and hereditary diseases
  2. Allergies and inflammatory diseases
  3. Degenerative diseases
  4. Metabolic disease
  5. Cancer
22
Q

congential

A

-at birth

23
Q

cogenital and hereditary diseases

A
  • spontaneous developmental abnormalities (ex. some forms of Down Syndrome, congenital hypothyroidism)
  • familial tendenceies toward certain inborn abnormalities and inherited conditions (eg. colourblindness, some forms of breast cancer)
  • injury to the enbryo or fetus by environmental factors (eg. thalidamide, radiation, opoids)
24
Q

allergies and inflammatory diseases

A
  • body reacting to an invasion of or injury by a foreign object or substance
  • includes diseases caused by pathogens (communicable and non-communicable)
25
Q

any foreign object

A

-can act as an allergen which activates the immune system

26
Q

degenerative diseases

A
  • deterioriation of body systems, tissue and functions

- often associated with the aging process

27
Q

metabolic diseases

A
  • casue the dysfunction, poor function, or malfunction of certain organs or physiological processes within the body leading to disease states
    ex. cells may no longer utilize glucose normally causing diabetes
28
Q

cancer

A

-characterized by abnormal growth of cells from a variety of tumours, both benign and malignant

29
Q

chain of infection

A
  • reservoirs/hosts
  • portal of exit
  • mode of transmission
  • portal of entry
  • susceptible host
30
Q

modes of transmission

A
  • direct contact
  • vector
  • vehicle
  • droplet
  • airborne
31
Q

reservoirs

A
  • habitiat in which an agent lives, grows and multiplies
  • humans, animals, the environment
  • may or may not be the source from which the agent is transferred to the host
32
Q

human reservoirs

A
  • many diseases
  • person-person transmission (eg. measels, mumps, STDs)
  • may or may not show illness effects
33
Q

types of human reservoirs

A
  • asymptomatic healthy carriers
  • incubatory carriers
  • convalescent carriers
34
Q

animal reservoirs

A
  • animal-animal
  • humans as incidental hosts
  • zoonosis
  • newly recognized human diseases that are thought to have emerged from animals hosts (Ebola, SARS)
35
Q

zoonosis

A
  • infectious disease transmissilbe from vertebrate animals to humans (Ex. rabies)
  • newly emergent in N. America (ex. monkeypox: prarie dogs)
36
Q

environmental reservoirs

A
  • plants
  • soil
  • water
37
Q

portal of exit

A

-path by which a pathogen leaves its reservior hosts

38
Q

examples of portal of exits

A
  • respiratory tracts
  • urinary tracts
  • GI tracts
  • skin lessions
  • conjuctival secretions (eye)
  • cuts/needles
  • crossing placenta
39
Q

modes of transmission

A
  • direct

- indirect

40
Q

direct

A
  • direct contact (touch, bodily fluids)

- droplet spread

41
Q

indirect

A
  • airborne
  • vehicle borne
  • vector borne
42
Q

common vehicles

A
  • contaminated air
  • water
  • food
  • fomites (objects)
43
Q

vector borne

A
  • fly, fleas, mosquitos

- mechanical or biological

44
Q

biological vector borne

A

-pathogen changes as part of its life cycle within the vector

45
Q

zika virus

A

-mosquito as vector (indirect)

46
Q

influenza virus

A
  • person-person (direct)

- air borne and fomites (indirect)

47
Q

portal of entry

A
  • how the pathogen enters a susceptible host
  • access to tissues where pathogen can multiply or toxin can act
  • may be the same portal as portal of exit from reservoir
  • fecal, skin, mucous membranes, blood
48
Q

common modes of entry

A
  • respiratory
  • oral
  • reproductive
  • intravenous
  • urinary
  • skin
  • GI
  • conjuctival
  • transplacental
49
Q

susceptible host

A
  • genetics
  • specific immunity
  • nonspecific defenses
  • malnutrition
  • alcoholism
  • concurrent diseases

Spring 2022 (54 decks)

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