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Spring 2022 > BIOL 437 Week One Part 2 > Flashcards

BIOL 437 Week One Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Hippocrates

A

-father of epidemiology
-first to give a rational explanation vs. a super natural
>environmental and host factors
>behaviours
-terms: endemic and pandemic

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2
Q

Girolamo Fracastoro

A

-identify transmission methods
>air
>contaminated clothing (fomites)
-proposed disease was caused by a rapidly multiplying seed
>seeds transmitted by direct contact, air or contaminated clothing

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3
Q

fomites

A
  • anything that can transmit disease

ex. hair brush, towels, etc

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4
Q

John Graunt

A

-held many hats
-founder of demography
-considered by some to be father of statistics
-life tables and life expectancy
>published lots of data
-first to quantify patterns of birth, death and disease occurrence
-variation based on gender, location, seasons and high infant mortality

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5
Q

Thomas Syndenham

A

-physician
-empirical approach (observational)
-classified types of fever (continuous or intermittent)
>some opposed Hippocratic approach
-did not identify causes

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6
Q

James Lind

A

-focused on time, place, weather and diet of the spread of disease
-specifically scurvy cause and treatment
-founder of naval hygiene in England
-due to deficiency of citrus fruit
>now know it is vitamin C deficiency
-implemented an experimental design

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7
Q

Percival Pott

A
  • English surgeon
  • first to associate cancer with occupational exposure
  • Chimney Sweepers: Cancer of the Scrotum
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8
Q

Sir Edwin Chadwick

A
  • studied sanitation issues is UK
  • disease related to living conditions
  • proposed flushing toilets in homes
  • sewage system to avoid contaminating drinking water
  • improving health of the poor, good for entire nation
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9
Q

William Farr

A
  • London epidemiologist
  • one of the founders of epidemiology
  • built on Graunt’s work
  • collected Britian’s mortality statistics
  • reported on cholera outbreak (elevation differences)
  • father of modern vital statistics and surveillance
  • reported to health authorities and general public
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10
Q

Ignaz Semmelweis

A
  • examining childhood fever (uterine infection)
  • hand hygeine
  • examination of patients linked to disease onset
  • students going straight from morgue to maternity ward without washing hands
  • initiated use of chlorinated lime before entering the ward and between patients
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11
Q

Sir John Snow

A

-father of modern epidemiology
-anesthesiologist
-conducted first outbreak investigation in UK (cholera)
>compared districts (spot map)
>isolated at water pump (got it removed)

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12
Q

spot map from cholera

A
  • had to go to water pump to get water
  • geographic distribution of cases
  • hypothesized that water might be the source
  • certain pump removed, lead to a decrease in mortality rate
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13
Q

causative bacteria of cholera

A
  • not identified until Robert Koch about 30years later

* example of how descriptive epidemiology was used to generated hypothesis testing (analytical epidemiology)

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14
Q

mid-1800s

A

-epidemics and infectious disease only (acute disease)

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15
Q

1930s + 1940s

A

-non-infectious and chronic diseases

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16
Q

mid 1950s

A

-infectious disease AND specific conditions associated with them

17
Q

1960s + 1970s

A

-applied to eradicate small pox worldwide

>worldwide vaccination

18
Q

1980s

A

-injuries and violence

19
Q

late 1980s

A
  • control or minimize disease and health problems

- HIV/AIDS, Legionella

20
Q

1990s

A
  • molecular and genetic epidemiology emerged

- Avian flu

21
Q

1990s to today

A

-consideration of deliberate spread of pathogens via biological warfare and bioterrorism

22
Q

2002

A
  • SARS
  • drug resistant bacteria
  • Ebola
23
Q

2019 to present

A

-covid-19 (SARS-CoV-2)

24
Q

epidemiology definition (public health)

A
  • study of distribution and determinants of disease in specific populations
  • application of study to control health problems
25
Q

uses of epidemiology in public health

A
  1. Prevention: raise public awareness

2. Intervention: decrease cost of healthy food to promote healthier eating

26
Q

3 levels of public health prevention

A
  1. Primary
  2. Secondary
  3. Tertiary
27
Q

primary prevention

A
  • before a person gets a specific health outcome
  • can decrease prevalence, risk or rate
    ex. vaccinations
28
Q

secondary prevention

A
  • after disease has occurred but no symptoms yet
  • find and treat disease early (potentially allowing for a cure)
  • health screening and detection
    eg. checking skin growths for cancer
29
Q

tertiary prevention

A
  • person already has symptoms
  • focus to prevent damage and pain (slow progression)
    eg. dietary counselling for managing diabetes symptoms
30
Q

public health interventions

A
  • evaluated using epidemiological methods
    1. Individual
    2. Structural
31
Q

individual interventions

A
  • changing individual risk factors or behaviours

eg. education

32
Q

structural interventions

A

-changing physical, social or economic factors
eg. provision of clean drinking water
>tax on tobacco products

33
Q

Big Picture use of epidemiology

A
  • assessing the community’s health
  • making individual decisions
  • characterizing the clinical picture
  • searching for causes
34
Q

assessing community health

A
  • policy’s
  • relevant data
  • determine problems and risk
  • observe trends
35
Q

making individual decisions

A
  • consciously and unconsciously by assessment of risk and what you have heard
    ex. stairs vs. elevator
36
Q

characterizing the clinical picture

A
  • collaborative approach between physicians and epidemiologists
  • diagnosis at individual level (physician)
  • natural history of disease (epidemiologist)
    eg. characterization of SARS
37
Q

searching for causes

A
  • may never prove a causal relationship but can gather enough evidence to support effective changes
    ex. remove pump handle during cholera outbreak
38
Q

4 ‘particles’ (Hippocrates)

A
  • earth (solid and cold)
  • air (dry)
  • fire (hot)
  • water (wet)
39
Q

4 bodily fluids: humors (Hippocrates)

A
  1. Phlegm: earth and water
  2. Yellow pile: fire and air
  3. Blood: fire and water
  4. Black bile: earth and air

Spring 2022 (54 decks)

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