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Spring 2022 > BIOL 435 Ch. 2 Part One (Cells and Organs of the Immune System) > Flashcards

BIOL 435 Ch. 2 Part One (Cells and Organs of the Immune System) Flashcards

1
Q

immune responses rely on

A

-the development of specialized blood cells (WBCs/leukocytes (ex. lymphocytes))
>only the first step

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2
Q

immune responses result from

A
  • coordinated activities of many cells, organs and microenvironments in the body
  • cells must interface with each other to trigger immune responses
  • interfaces and tissues involved are complex
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3
Q

hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)

A

-have the ability to differentiate into many types of blood cells

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4
Q

all RBC and WBC develop

A

-from multipotent HSC during hematopoiesis

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5
Q

totipotent

A

-can become any part of the embryo or placenta

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6
Q

multipotent

A

-differentiate into many cells but NOT into every type of cell

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7
Q

hematopoiesis

A
  • a highly regulated process
  • in adult vertebrates it occurs in bone marrow
  • early on it occurs in various places as development proceeds
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8
Q

within bone marrow

A

-HSCs are constantly renewed and directed to differentiate into 2 major types of progenitor cells

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9
Q

2 major types of progenitor cells

A
  1. Common myeloid progenitor cells

2. Common lymphoid progenitor cells

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10
Q

4 cells that develop from common myeloid progenitors

A
  1. RBCs (erythrocytes): 99.85%
  2. Monocytes
  3. Granulocytes
  4. Megakaryocytes
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11
Q

subtypes of granulocytes

A
  • neutrophils
  • basophils/mast cells
  • eosinphils
  • differ in granule staining and in protein content and function
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12
Q

neutrophils

A
  • 50-70% of leukocytes
  • phagocytic cells that differentiate in bone marrow
  • circulate in peripheral blood for 7-10hrs, then migrate into tissues (not all released at the same time)
  • life span in tissue: only a few days
  • may secrete cytokines that regulate T- and B-cell activity
  • engulf bacteria and release proteins
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13
Q

molecules in granules of neutrophils

A
  • proteases
  • antimicrobial proteins
  • protease inhibitors
  • histamine
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14
Q

proteases

A
  • tissue remodelling

ex. elastase, collagenase

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15
Q

antimicrobial proteins

A
  • direct harm to pathogens

ex. defensives, lysozyme

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16
Q

protease inhibitors

A
  • regulation of proteases

ex. alpha1-antitrypsin

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17
Q

histamine

A
  • vasodilation

- inflammation

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18
Q

eosinphil

A
  • 1-3% leukocytes
  • phagocytic granulocytes stain pink with H+E
  • coordinate our defences against multicellular parasitic organisms (worms)
  • cluster around worms and release granules
  • motile, migrate from blood into tissues
  • most abundant in small intestines
  • if no worms, may contribute to allergies + asthma
  • may secrete cytokines that regulate T- and B- cell activity
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19
Q

molecules in granules of eosinophil

A
  • cationic proteins
  • ribonucleases
  • cytokines
  • chemokines
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20
Q

cationic proteins

A
  • induces formation of ROS (ex. EPO)

- vasodilation, basophils degranulation (ex. MBP)

21
Q

ribonucleases

A
  • antiviral actiivty

ex. ECP, EDN

22
Q

cytokines

A
  • modulation of adaptive immune responses

ex. IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, TNF-alpha

23
Q

chemokines

A
  • attract leukocytes

- RANTES, MIP-1alpha

24
Q

basophils

A
  • less than 1% leukocytes
  • nonphagocytic granulocytes containing large basophilic granules (stained blue in H+E)
  • involved in response to parasites (parasitic worms)
  • bind circulating Ag/Ab complexes then release granules
  • histamine increases blood vessel permeability and smooth muscle activity (can be involved in allergies)
  • allows immune cells to access the site of infection
  • release cytokines that recruit other immune cells including eosinphils and lymphocytes
25
Q

molecules in granules in basophils/mast cells

A
  • cytokines
  • lipid mediators
  • histamine
26
Q

lipid mediators

A
  • regulation of inflammation

ex. leukotrienes

27
Q

mast cells

A
  • less than 1% of leukocytes
  • non-phagocytic granulocytes involved in response to parasitic worms (contributes to allergies)
  • released from bone marrow as undifferentiated cells
  • mature only after they leave the blood into tissues
  • large numbers of granules
  • 1st immune response to allergies
28
Q

pAPC

A
  • professional antigen presenting cells
  • monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells (myeloid lineage)
  • secrete proteins that attract and activate other immune cells
  • internalized pathogens, digest them into proteins and present them on cell surface in MHC class II
  • up-regulate costimulatory molecules required for optimal activation of helper T-cells
  • important between innate and adaptive immunity
29
Q

monocytes

A

-2-12% of leukocytes
-migrate into tissues and differentiate into macrophages
>function to repair, destroy pathogens + present antigens
-can also differentiate into dendritic cells
>HIGH degree of function as ‘ingestors’ of antigens followed by presentation to naive T lymphocytes for initial activation

30
Q

macrophage

A
  • along with neutrophils are specialized for phagocytosis
  • can present antigens to T cells via MHC (=pAPC)
  • first to fight pathogens
  • some arise from embryonic cells as tissue-specific (resident)
31
Q

tissue-specific(resident) macrophages

A
  • used to think they all came from monocytes
  • some arose earlier and are maintained
  • specific jobs dependent on cell type
32
Q

dendritic cells

A
  • the most potent APC for activating naive T-cells
  • immature ones capture antigen, then mature and migrate out of that location to another to present antigen to T-cells
  • can be formed through myeloid progenitor cell or monocytes (both innate and adaptive immunity)
33
Q

megakaryocyte

A
  • large myeloid cells (reside in bone marrow)
  • give rise to 1000s of platelets
  • have properties of individual cells, but do not have their own nuclei
34
Q

platelets

A
  • small cells or cell fragments

- circulate in the blood and participate in the formation of blood clots

35
Q

life spans

A
  • RBC: 120 days (recycled)

- platelets: 5-10 days

36
Q

H + E stains

A
  • hematoxylin (binds to negatively charged stuff (ex. DNA) = purple
  • eosin (cytoplasm and other stuff = pink)
37
Q

neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)

A

-‘eject’ DNA and create a net to capture bacteria (sacrifice)

38
Q

simple pAPC

A
  • present antigen to T-cells
    1. Phagocytosis (big)
    2. Receptor mediated endocytosis
    3. Pinocytosis (small stuff)
  • bring in and cut into Ag (peptides)
39
Q

IgE

A

-comes from B-cells
>allergen=antigen
-binds to mast cell IgE receptor

40
Q

APC

A

-B-cells

>not professionals

41
Q

MHC classes

A
  1. MHC 1: all cells
    - altered self (ex. virus, cancer)
    - activated by cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)
  2. MHC 2: APC
    - activate T-helper cells
42
Q

APC and MHC

A
  1. Fragment of protein inside cell associates with MHC and is transported to the cell surface
  2. Combo of MHC and antigen is recognized by a T cell, altering it to the infection
43
Q

3 common lymphoid progenitor cells

A
  1. B lymphocytes
  2. T lymphocytes: subset that appears more simlar to NK cells=NTK cells
  3. Innate lymphoid cells, including NK cells
    * 20-40% of circulating WBCs
    - 99% of cells in lymph
44
Q

lymphocytes

A

-appear very simlar, but different sets carry different molecules on their surface
>cluster of differenitiation (CD) molecules

45
Q

B-cells, T-cells and NK cells

A
  • express many different CD proteins
  • B-cells also express the BCR
  • T-cells also express teh TCR
  • memory cells from B and T-cells
46
Q

T helper vs. T cytotoxic cells

A

-undergo gene rearrangement
>CD4: T helper cell
>CD8: T cytotoxic cell
-could have same TCR

47
Q

BCR

A

-essentially antibodies on cell surface
-antigen can bind to 1 or 2 arms (‘different’ receptor)
>increase signal to inside
-2 heavy chains and 2 light chains

48
Q

TCR

A

-2 chains
-bind to peptide held out by MHC
>MHC II: T-helper cell (CD4 must also see MHC II)
>MHC I: T-cytotoxic cell (CD8 must see MHC I)

Spring 2022 (54 decks)

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