BIOL 437 Week Four Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

epidemic curve

A
  • histogram
  • shape can suggest hypothesis
  • incubation period
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2
Q

incubation period

A

-time between exposure and onset of symptoms

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3
Q

common source types

A
  • point: same exposure over limited time period
  • intermittent
  • continuous
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4
Q

propagated (simple)

A

-spread from person to person

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5
Q

mixed epidemics (simple)

A

-a mixture of common source and propagated

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6
Q

common source

A

-tend to result in more cases occuring more rapidly
>sooner than host-to-host epidemics
-removing exposure to common source typically causes the epidemic to rapidly decrease

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7
Q

examples of common source

A
  • anthrax: milk or meat from infected animals

- botulism: traced to soil-contaminated foods

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8
Q

propagated

A
  • arise from infections being transmitted from one infected person to another
  • indirect or direct transmission
  • host-to-host epidemics rise and fall more slowly than common source
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9
Q

examples of propagated

A
  • tuberculosis
  • whooping cough
  • influenza
  • measels
  • covid-19
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10
Q

mixed epidemics

A
  • occurs when a common source is followed by person-to-person contact
  • disease is spread as a propagated outbreak
    ex. shigellosis
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11
Q

time-series analyses

A

-ecologic: group level
-longitudinal data: individual level
>age effect
>cohort effect
>period effect

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12
Q

time-series design

A
  • searching for patterns of disease over time
  • secular trend/temporal variation
  • cyclic patterns
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13
Q

cyclic patterns

A

-recurrent alterations in the occurence, interval or frequency of diseases
>seasonality
-periodic increases and decreases in occurence

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14
Q

types of trends

A
  • secular
  • short term
  • cyclic patterns/trends
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15
Q

secular trends

A

-represent long-term changes in health-related states or events

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16
Q

short-term trends

A

-usually brief, unexpected increases in health-related states or events

17
Q

surveillance types

A
  • medical: individual level

- public health: population level

18
Q

public health surveillance

A

-systematic ongoing collection, analysis, interpretation and dissemination of health data

19
Q

monitor

A
  • identify sudden changes in occurence
  • follow long-term trends and patterns
  • identify changes in risk factors
20
Q

as a result of monitoring

A

-we identify wheter:
>a health problem exists
>the problem is getting worse

21
Q

explanations

A
-for observed changes in frequency not due to changes in risk factors
>inconsistent interpretation
>change in case definition
>improved diagnosis
>change in reporting
>random events
22
Q

health programs may be aimed at

A
  • increasing vaccination levels
  • reducing smoking
  • increasing physical activity
  • decreasing obesity
  • increasing screening
23
Q

vaccine preventalbe disease

A

-monitor
-may say program is not reaching specific at risk populations
-barriers exist?
>address them and alter program

24
Q

field investigation

A
  • public health department
  • vary in extent
  • vary with regard to objective
  • learn about natural history, risk factors
25
Q

analytic studies

A
-evaluating hypotheses generated from surveillence and field investigations
>study design
>case definition development
>calculation of rates
>reccomendations based on intrepretation
26
Q

effectiveness

A

-does the program produced intended result in the field?

27
Q

efficiency

A

-does the program produce intended results with a minimum cost of the time and resources?

28
Q

team approach multidisciplinary

A
  • local, provincial and federal
  • academia, clincial, private
  • shared online info and professional meetings
29
Q

value determined by

A
  • appropriate actions have been taken
  • info has been used to make decisons and take action
  • relates to level and distribution
  • info may be used in the future
30
Q

policy development

A

-reccomendation of appropriate interventions
>disease control
>reportable disease regulations
>health care policy

31
Q

causal insights

A
  • plotting over time can give insights into probable determinants
  • if only occurs in summer then search for causal factors
32
Q

confounding factors

A

-always a treat in descriptive studies

>analytic epidemiologic studies and better for minimizing the threat of confounding