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Spring 2022 > BIOL 437 Ch. 10 (Field Epidemiology) > Flashcards

BIOL 437 Ch. 10 (Field Epidemiology) Flashcards

1
Q

field epidemiology

A 
-application of epidemiology under certain conditions
>problem is unexpected
>timely response may be demanded
>travel to and work in field
>likely limited by time
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2
Q

field investigations differ in three ways

A
  • do not start with a clear hypothesis
  • involve an immediate need to protect the public and resolve the concern
  • must decide when available info is sufficient to take appropriate action
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3
Q
  1. Estabilish existence of an epidemic (or outbreak)
A

-attack rates are appropriate stats

>usually calculated by person characteristcs in order to identify high-risk groups

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4
Q
  1. Confirm the diagnosis
A
  • assure correctness and reliability of the findings
  • clinical diagnosis by trained individuals
  • laboratory diagnosis
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5
Q
  1. Establish Criteria for Case indentification
A

-standard cinical criteria

>who, when and where

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6
Q
  1. Search for missing cases
A
  • investigation may include physicians, clinics, health clinics
  • asymptomatic persons or mild cases and contacts should be evaluated
  • suspected vs. probable cases
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7
Q
  1. Count cases
A

-exposure status and disease frequency compared with apporpriate at-risk population

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8
Q
  1. Orient data according to person, place and time
A

Person: inherent and acquired characteristics, activitities and conditions
Place: residence, employment, school
Time: epidemic curve

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9
Q
  1. Classifying the epidemic
A
  • common source
  • propagated
  • mixed
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10
Q

common source

A

-starting at specific point. through intremittent or continous exposure to source

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11
Q

propagated

A

-spread gradually from person to person

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12
Q

mixed

A

-combo of both common source and propagated

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13
Q
  1. Determine who is at risk of becoming a case
A
  • clinical, medical, and lab findings need to be confirmed, evaluated and analyzed for all cases
  • classify cases by exposure status
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14
Q
  1. Analyze data
A

-gather, compile, analyze and interpret findings
-involves statistical methods
>frequency tables
>bivariate analysis
>multiple regression

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15
Q
  1. Formulate hypotheses (ex. food borne outbreak)
A

Consider:

  • infection source
  • suspect foods
  • transmission mode
  • pathogen type
  • time factors
  • place factors
  • many more
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16
Q
  1. Test hypotheses
A
  • statistical tests: T-test, Chi-squared

- if lacking to substantiate a hypothesis, more info needs to be gathered or hypothesis is rejected

17
Q
  1. Develop reports and inform those who need to know
A
  • narrative of investigation and review
  • tables, graphs, charts, data
  • addresses the info presented under the hypothesis
18
Q
  1. Execute control and prevention measures
A
  • immunization programs
  • risk factor prevention
  • behaviour change programs
19
Q
  1. Administration and planning activities
A
  • organization
  • coordination
  • communication
  • planning
  • funding
  • allocation
20
Q

the steps are

A
  • conceptual: provide a logical progression for the investigation
  • can and should be taken out of order (with caution)
21
Q

Oswego: outbreak investigation

A
  • happened in 1940

- many infected after a church dinner

22
Q

outbreak

A
  • more localized situation

- perceived as less alarm compared to epidemic

23
Q

epidemic

A
  • more widespread

- more prolonged

24
Q

broad categories of disease

A
  • pathogen
  • toxin
  • other
25
Q

vehicle

A
  • a nonliving intermediary
  • ex. food
  • conveys an infectious agent from its reservoir to a susceptible host
26
Q

vector

A
  • a living intermediary
  • most often an insect or arthropod
  • conveys infectious agent from its reservoir to susceptible host
27
Q

transmission

A
  • when infectious agent leaves reservior or host through a portal of exit
  • enters through a portal of entry
28
Q

vector transmission

A
  • mechanical: agent does not undergo physiological change in vector
  • biological: agent undergoes part of its lifecycle prior to transmission into new host
29
Q

direct transmission

A
  • direct contact

- droplet spread

30
Q

indirect transmission

A
  • airborne
  • vehicle borne
  • vector borne
31
Q

histogram (epidemic curve)

A
  • shows course of a disease outbreak

- plots number of cases by time of onset

32
Q

epidemic curve provides

A
  • magnitude of epidemic
  • epidemic vs. endemic
  • correlateated events can be noted
  • shape for point, intermittent or propagated source
  • indicate length of health department to identify problem
  • outlying cases easily recognized

Spring 2022 (54 decks)

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