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Spring 2022 > BIOL 435 Ch. 12 p.1 (Effector Responses) > Flashcards

BIOL 435 Ch. 12 p.1 (Effector Responses) Flashcards

1
Q

antibodies

A
  • can mediate the destruction and clearance of a pathogen in a variety of ways
  • each isotope has distinct properties and traits
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2
Q

Ab-mediated effector functions

A
  1. Neutralization
  2. Agglutination
  3. Opsonization
  4. Complement activation
  5. ADCC
  6. AD degranulation and mediator release
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3
Q

neutralization

A
  • protects against viral or bacteria infection or damaging effects of toxins
    ex. prevents viral entry into target cells
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4
Q

agglutination

A

-enhances neutralization
-more efficient clearance of pathogens from body
-cross-links pathogens
>clumping and more efficient phagocytosis

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5
Q

opsonization

A
  • promotes and/or enhances the engulfment of Ags by phagocytes
  • makes pathogens ‘more tastey’
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6
Q

complement activation

A

-classical pathway
-results in generation of MAC
>creates pores in pathogen membranes and kills the microbe

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7
Q

ADCC

A
  • Ab-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
  • activates killings activity of several types of cytotoxic cells (eg. NK cells)
    eg. Fc portion may be available
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8
Q

AD degranulation and mediator release

A

-triggers mediate release from granulocytes
ex. allergies (worms)
>IgG binds worm and Fc binds to granulocytes

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9
Q

IgM

A

-membrane bound naive B cell
-secreted from activated B cells
-first Ab produced in primary response
>relatively low affinity
-pentameric (10 total Ab binding sites): high avidity

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10
Q

IgM function

A
  • very good at complement fixation leading to MAC and target lysis
  • efficient at forming dense Ab-pathogen complexes which will be engulfed by macrophages
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11
Q

IgG

A
  • most common in serum
  • several subclasses: each with different capabilities
  • all bind Fc receptors and act as opsonins
  • activate complement
  • mediate ADCC
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12
Q

IgA

A
  • major Ab in secretions
  • neutralizes toxins and pathogens
  • does not fix complement: does not drive inflammation
  • long half life
  • good at agglutination
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13
Q

IgA in blood

A

-can stimulate:
>phagocytosis
>ADCC
>trigger degranulation of granulocytes

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14
Q

IgA long half life

A
  • in secretions

- due to protease-resistant AA sequence in Fc region

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15
Q

IgA in secretions

A
  • gut
  • respiratory
  • reproductive tracts
  • tears
  • saliva
  • breastmilk
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16
Q

IgE

A
  • best known for role in allergy and asthma
  • key in response to parasitic worms and protozoa and immunity to venoms
  • made in small quantities but induce potent effects
17
Q

IgE function

A
  • degranulation of eosinophils and basophils

- release of histamine and proteases that damage pathogens

18
Q

IgD

A
  • membrane bound on naive B cells
  • minor component of blood
  • higher [ ] in upper respiratory tract
  • reacts with respiratory bacterial and viral pathogens
19
Q

IgD function

A
  • binds basophils and mast cells

- induces release of antimicrobial peptides, cytokines, B cell survival factor BAFF and chemokines

20
Q

Ab bound to membrane

A
  • IgM

- IgD

21
Q

Ab binds to Fc receptors on phagocytes

A
  • IgG
  • IgA
  • IgM
22
Q

Ab mucosal transport via poly-Ig receptor

A
  • IgA

- IgM

23
Q

Ab induces mast cell and/or basophil degranulation

A
  • IgE

- IgD

24
Q

Fc receptors

A

-mediate many effector functions of Ab

25
Q

FcR signalling

A
  • multiple FcRs need to be cross-linked to initiate a signal
  • signal may be positive or negative
  • outcome depends on whether receptor is associated with ITAM/ITIM
26
Q

Ab FcR effector responses steps

A
  1. B-cells encounter Ag, binds it and become activated
  2. After receiving T-cell help they differentiate into Ab-secreting plasma cells
  3. Plasma cell-secreted Ab is carried to various body sites for isotype-specific effector functions
27
Q

isotype-specific effector functions

A
  • opsonizing pathogens for phagocytosis
  • activating complement cascades for pahtogen lysis
  • enhancing inflammatory activity of neutrophils
  • recruiting cytotoxic cells
  • recruiting and activating NK cells for ADCC killing

Spring 2022 (54 decks)

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