BIOL 437 Week 13 (Zoonoses) Flashcards
zoonosis
- any disease or infection that is naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans
- over 200 known types
- comprise a large percentage of new and existing diseases in humans
- some are 100% preventable through vaccination and other methods (ex. rabies)
examples of zoonoses
- anthrax
- cholera
- covid-19
- cowpox
- plague
- rabies
- west nile virus
factors to consider
- transmission route
- risk factors
- clinical signs and symptoms
- prevention measures
- treatment options
transmission route
- direct contact
- indirect contact
- vectors
risk factors
- exposure potential: travel history, occupation, pets in house
- co-morbidities; host factors
- vaccine status
direct contact
- contact with saliva, blood, urine, mucous, feces
- ex. petting animals, bites or scratches
indirect contact
- coming into contact with areas where animals live and roam
- services with contaminated germs
- ex. aquarium tank water, pets habitats, chicken coops, plants, barns, soil
vector-borne
-being bitten by a tick or insect
foodborne
- each year 1 in 6 americans get sick from eating contaminated food
- contaminated food can cause illness in people and animals
waterborne
-drinking or coming in contact with water that has been contaminated with feces from an infected animal
domestic/companion animals
- toxoplasmosis
- ringworm
- avian influenza
- swine influenza
- bovine tuberculosis
wildlife
- lyme disease
- birds (west nile virus)
- plague (prairie dogs)
- rabies (bats, skunks, foxes)
emerging zoonotic diseases sources
- live animal markets
- wildlife hunting
- intensive wildlife farming
- domestic animals
how to protect yourself from zoonotic diseases?
- keep hands clean
- wash hands after seeing animals
- prevent bites from mosquitoes
- learn ways to handle food safely
- avoid bites and scratches from animals
reportable zoonoses in BC
- One Health Concept: interconnection between animals, humans and the ecosystem
- collaboration between animal and human helath professionals is essential
- BC reportable Animal Zoonoses program
BC Reportable Animal Zoonoses Program
-initiated in 2015
-Cheif Veterinary Officer informs the public helath officer about the occurence of certain zoonotic disease
>diseases are selected for value in reporting and take action through increased knowledge and awareness of their occurence in animals
reportable zoonoses in BC examples
- anthrax
- rabis
- BSE
- plague
- tuberculosis
- west nile virus
rabies example VI
-bat flew into a Parksville man
-21 year old male
-2019
-didn’t develop symptoms until 6 weeks later
-contact was during daylight, very minor contact with hand
>no visible bite or scratch marks
key facts about rabies
- vaccine-preventable disease
- occurs in more than 150 countries
- dogs are the main source for human deaths
- once clinical symptoms apper, it is virtualy 100% fatal
- interupt transmission through vaccination
- infection causes 10 thousands of deaths every year
- in BC, bat is only know reservoir
- Ontario: bat, racoons, skunks and red foxes
zoonoses in Canada
- laboratory for foodborne zoonoses
- cetnre for food-borne, environmental and zoonotic infectious diseases
recent detection of avian influenza in Canada
- CFIA advised world organization for animal health
- spring migrations has driven the spread of avian influenza into new areas
- not a public health concern for people who are not in routine contact with infected birds
- people working with poultry should take additional precautions
who is monitoring for diseases at the global level?
-metabiota >we support government decisions >estimate, mitigrate and manage epidemic risk -tracking in Canaa >SARS-CoV-2 >norovirus >salmonella
risk assessment for zoonoses at the global level
- Joint Risk Assessment Operational Tool (JRA OT)
- 98 page document uses Rift Valley Fever virus as an example
joint statement on prioritization of montioring covid-19 infection in wildlife
- wildlife does not currenlty play a significant role in the spread
- spread could affect the health and faciliate emergence in new virus variants
- farmed animals have been observed to be infected
- intro of covid-19 to wildlife could result in establishment of animal reservoirs
One Health in Action
- CDC’s One Health experts work globaly to implement a One Health Zoonotic Disease Priorization
- respond to those zoonotic diseases of greatest national concern
Cryptosporidiosis
- a 4th year vet student became very ill
- was working on a rotation of working with sick calves
- sent to hospital and had extensive testing
- placed on erythromycin for suspected bacterial infection
- diagnosised after 5 days in the hosptial
- hospitalized for one week before being discharded and writing national board exams less than a week later
