BIOL 437 Week 12 (Chronic Disease Epidemiology) Flashcards

1
Q

originally, epidemiology focused on

A
  • a single pathogen
  • a single cause of disease
  • improvements in living and control of infectious diesease was paralleled by the emergence of chronic disease
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2
Q

noninfectious acute conditions

A
  • accidents
  • suicide
  • stroke
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3
Q

noninfectious chronic disease

A
  • heart disease
  • cancer
  • diabetes
  • characterized by latency periods of 10 to 20 or more years
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4
Q

chronic disease epidemiology

A
  • involves study of distribution and determinants of chronic disease
  • application of study for preventing and controlling chronic health problems
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5
Q

William Farr

A

-promoted idea that some disease, especially chronic diseases, have a multifactorial etiology

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6
Q

risk factor

A

-variable associated with an increased probability of experiencing an adverse health outcome

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7
Q

risk factor examples

A
  • behaviours
  • environmental exposures
  • inherent human characteristics
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8
Q

environment reflects

A

-the aggregate of those external conditions and influences affecting the health status of people

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9
Q

environmental conditions

A
  • physical
  • chemical
  • biological
  • social factors
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10
Q

physical stresses

A
  • excessive heat, cold and noise
  • radiation
  • vehicle collisions
  • workplace injuries
  • climate change
  • ozone depletino
  • housing
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11
Q

radiation exposure

A
-can cause actue severe, intense results
>radiation burn
>nausea
>fatigue
>vomiting
>diarrhea
-chronic condition (damage to CNS and cancer)
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12
Q

3 pathways people are exposed to radiation

A
  1. Inhalation (radioactive materials into lungs)
  2. Ingestion
  3. Direct exposure
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13
Q

chemicals

A
  • several are capable of causing chronic disease and adverse health conditions
  • drugs
  • acids
  • alkali
  • heavy metals (ex. lead)
  • poisons
  • some enzymes
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14
Q

major sources of lead

A
  • metal processing (52%)
  • non-road engines and vehicles (13%)
  • fuel combustion (13%)
  • waste disposal (16%)
  • other (6%)
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15
Q

leaded gas

A
  • in many countries

- poses a major source of lead exposure

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16
Q

lead

A
  • can accumulate in various parts of the body

- infants and children are most sensitive to lead (even low levels) before 72 months of life

17
Q

lead exposure

A
  • may damage organs (kidneys, liver, brain, nerves)
  • leads to osteoporosis, affects brain (seizures) mental retardation, behavioural disorders, memory problems, mood changes
  • affect the heart and blood (increase BP and heart disease)
18
Q

toxicokinetics

A

-study of how a chemical substance enters the body and the course it takes

19
Q

processes of toxicokinetics

A
  1. Absorption
  2. Distribution
  3. Biotransformation
  4. Excretion
20
Q

8% of cancer deaths in men

A

-attributed to occupational exposures

21
Q

20% of lung cancer deaths in men

A

-attributed to occupational exposures

22
Q

infectious agents

A
-can cause chronic conditions
>tuberculosis
>syphilis
>polio
>leprosy
>some cancers
23
Q

Helicobacter pylori

A

-a bacterium that can cause chronic conditions
>dyspepsia
>gastritis
>ulcers in stomach and duodenum (stomach cancer and lymphoma)

24
Q

dyspepsia

A
  • heart burn
  • bloating
  • nausea
25
Q

gastritis

A

-stomach inflammation

26
Q

social environment

A
  • war
  • families and households
  • social networks and supports
  • neighbourhoods and communities
  • public health policy (ex. no smoking in public areas)
27
Q

lifestyles of modern populations

A
  • many dieseases are influenced by them
  • career pressures
  • sedentary lifestyles
  • poor diet
  • crime
  • drugs
  • gangs
  • poverty
  • pollution
  • fear
  • stress
  • economic struggles
28
Q

smoking and chronic disease

A
  • cancer
  • ischemic heart disease
  • pulmonary circulatory disease
  • Crohn’s disease
  • etc.
29
Q

diet and chronic disease

A
  • cancer
  • heart disase
  • heart failure
  • stroke
  • ulcerative colitis
  • etc.
30
Q

body weight and chronic disease

A
  • high BP
  • stroke
  • heart disease
  • diabetes mellitus
  • osteoarthritis
  • imparied functioning of the heart and lungs
  • gallbladder disease
  • obstructive sleep apnea
  • injuries
  • cancer
31
Q

sexual practices and chronic disease

A

-being sexually active
-mulitple sexual partners
-practicing unprotected sex
-health consequences include:
>HIV/AIDS
>Venereal diseases
>cervival cancer

32
Q

prevention and control

A
  • change in emphasis due to shift from infectious acute disease to noninfectious chronic disease
  • create them as risk factors are identified
33
Q

disease prevention behaviours

A
  • maintiain healthy weight
  • drinking less alcohol
  • eating fruits
  • eating high fibre foods
  • not smoking
  • getting adequate sleep
  • exercise regularly
34
Q

what influence does heredity play in cancer?

A
  • 5-10% of breast cancer
  • 9% of prostate cancer
  • epilepsy: 2 genes identified
  • osteoporosis
35
Q

breast cancer risk factors

A
  • increases with age
  • treatable if detected early
  • family history
  • early age of menarche
  • late age of menopause
  • obesity
  • being white
  • not breastfeeding
  • higher socioeconomic status
36
Q

multifactorial etiology

A
  • much more complicated in chronic disease than infectious disease
  • combine component causes before disease occurs
37
Q

complexity of prevention programs

A
  • interaction between environment, behaviour, genetic and social risk factors
  • need to be specifically tailored to given socieites and culture
  • greatest potential for minimizing public suffering and health-care costs