BIOL 437 Week 12 (Chronic Disease Epidemiology)

Question 1

originally, epidemiology focused on

Answer 1

• a single pathogen
• a single cause of disease
• improvements in living and control of infectious diesease was paralleled by the emergence of chronic disease

Question 2

noninfectious acute conditions

Answer 2

• accidents
• suicide
• stroke

Question 3

noninfectious chronic disease

Answer 3

• heart disease
• cancer
• diabetes
• characterized by latency periods of 10 to 20 or more years

Question 4

chronic disease epidemiology

Answer 4

• involves study of distribution and determinants of chronic disease
• application of study for preventing and controlling chronic health problems

Question 5

William Farr

Answer 5

-promoted idea that some disease, especially chronic diseases, have a multifactorial etiology

Question 6

risk factor

Answer 6

-variable associated with an increased probability of experiencing an adverse health outcome

Question 7

risk factor examples

Answer 7

• behaviours
• environmental exposures
• inherent human characteristics

Question 8

environment reflects

Answer 8

-the aggregate of those external conditions and influences affecting the health status of people

Question 9

environmental conditions

Answer 9

• physical
• chemical
• biological
• social factors

Question 10

physical stresses

Answer 10

• excessive heat, cold and noise
• radiation
• vehicle collisions
• workplace injuries
• climate change
• ozone depletino
• housing

Question 11

radiation exposure

Answer 11

-can cause actue severe, intense results
>radiation burn
>nausea
>fatigue
>vomiting
>diarrhea
-chronic condition (damage to CNS and cancer)

Question 12

3 pathways people are exposed to radiation

Answer 12

1. Inhalation (radioactive materials into lungs)
2. Ingestion
3. Direct exposure

Question 13

chemicals

Answer 13

• several are capable of causing chronic disease and adverse health conditions
• drugs
• acids
• alkali
• heavy metals (ex. lead)
• poisons
• some enzymes

Question 14

major sources of lead

Answer 14

• metal processing (52%)
• non-road engines and vehicles (13%)
• fuel combustion (13%)
• waste disposal (16%)
• other (6%)

Question 15

leaded gas

Answer 15

• in many countries

- poses a major source of lead exposure

Question 16

lead

Answer 16

• can accumulate in various parts of the body

- infants and children are most sensitive to lead (even low levels) before 72 months of life

Question 17

lead exposure

Answer 17

• may damage organs (kidneys, liver, brain, nerves)
• leads to osteoporosis, affects brain (seizures) mental retardation, behavioural disorders, memory problems, mood changes
• affect the heart and blood (increase BP and heart disease)

Question 18

toxicokinetics

Answer 18

-study of how a chemical substance enters the body and the course it takes

Question 19

processes of toxicokinetics

Answer 19

1. Absorption
2. Distribution
3. Biotransformation
4. Excretion

Question 20

8% of cancer deaths in men

Answer 20

-attributed to occupational exposures

Question 21

20% of lung cancer deaths in men

Answer 21

-attributed to occupational exposures

Question 22

infectious agents

Answer 22

-can cause chronic conditions
>tuberculosis
>syphilis
>polio
>leprosy
>some cancers

Question 23

Helicobacter pylori

Answer 23

-a bacterium that can cause chronic conditions
>dyspepsia
>gastritis
>ulcers in stomach and duodenum (stomach cancer and lymphoma)

Question 24

dyspepsia

Answer 24

• heart burn
• bloating
• nausea

Question 25

gastritis

Answer 25

-stomach inflammation

Question 26

social environment

Answer 26

- war - families and households - social networks and supports - neighbourhoods and communities - public health policy (ex. no smoking in public areas)

Question 27

lifestyles of modern populations

Answer 27

* many dieseases are influenced by them - career pressures - sedentary lifestyles - poor diet - crime - drugs - gangs - poverty - pollution - fear - stress - economic struggles

Question 28

smoking and chronic disease

Answer 28

- cancer - ischemic heart disease - pulmonary circulatory disease - Crohn's disease - etc.

Question 29

diet and chronic disease

Answer 29

- cancer - heart disase - heart failure - stroke - ulcerative colitis - etc.

Question 30

body weight and chronic disease

Answer 30

- high BP - stroke - heart disease - diabetes mellitus - osteoarthritis - imparied functioning of the heart and lungs - gallbladder disease - obstructive sleep apnea - injuries - cancer

Question 31

sexual practices and chronic disease

Answer 31

-being sexually active -mulitple sexual partners -practicing unprotected sex -health consequences include: >HIV/AIDS >Venereal diseases >cervival cancer

Question 32

prevention and control

Answer 32

- change in emphasis due to shift from infectious acute disease to noninfectious chronic disease - create them as risk factors are identified

Question 33

disease prevention behaviours

Answer 33

- maintiain healthy weight - drinking less alcohol - eating fruits - eating high fibre foods - not smoking - getting adequate sleep - exercise regularly

Question 34

what influence does heredity play in cancer?

Answer 34

- 5-10% of breast cancer - 9% of prostate cancer - epilepsy: 2 genes identified - osteoporosis

Question 35

breast cancer risk factors

Answer 35

- increases with age - treatable if detected early - family history - early age of menarche - late age of menopause - obesity - being white - not breastfeeding - higher socioeconomic status

Question 36

multifactorial etiology

Answer 36

- much more complicated in chronic disease than infectious disease - combine component causes before disease occurs

Question 37

complexity of prevention programs

Answer 37

- interaction between environment, behaviour, genetic and social risk factors - need to be specifically tailored to given socieites and culture - greatest potential for minimizing public suffering and health-care costs