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Spring 2022 > BIOL 435 Ch. 4 Part One (Innate Immunity) > Flashcards

BIOL 435 Ch. 4 Part One (Innate Immunity) Flashcards

1
Q

defenses against infection

A
  1. Chemical barriers
  2. Anatomical barriers
  3. Cellular responses
    * fast or immediate induction
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2
Q

chemical barriers

A
  • antimicrobial substances

- acid pH

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3
Q

anatomical barriers

A

-epithelilum
>skin
>mucosa
>glandular tissue

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4
Q

cellular responses

A
  • 2 line of innate defense
  • leukocytes for phagocytosis
  • release of proteins
  • NK cells
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5
Q

if barriers are breached

A

-innate immune system receptors recognize the threat

>conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) found on microbes

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6
Q

DAMPs

A
  • damage-associated molecular patterns

- aging, dead, or damaged self structures can also be recognized

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7
Q

PRRs

A
  • pattern recognition receptors

- recognized PAMPs and DAMPs

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8
Q

3 steps of protection

A
  1. Physical and chemical barriers to infection
  2. Cellular responses to infection
  3. Activation of adaptive immune responses
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9
Q

epithelial layers

A 
-produce protective substances
>acidic pH
>enzymes and binding proteins
>antimicrobial peptides
*prevent pathogen entry into the body's interior
>skin
>mucosal membranes
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10
Q

sebum

A
  • wax product produced in pores on skin
  • keeps skin moisturized
    eg. acne
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11
Q

antimicrobial proteins

A

-lysozyme
-lactoferrin
-S100 proteins
>psoriasin
>calprotectin

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12
Q

lysozyme

A
  • mucosal/grandula secretions

- cleaves glycosidic bonds of peptidoglycan in cell walls of bacteria, leading to lysis

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13
Q

lactoferrin

A
  • mucosal/grandular secretions
  • binds and sequestors iron
  • limit growth of bacteria and fungi
  • disrupts microbial membranes
  • limits infectivity of some viruses
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14
Q

S100 proteins

A
  • skin
  • mucosal/grandular secretions
  • disrupts membranes, killing cells
  • binds and sequesters divalent cations
  • limiting growth of bacteria and fungi
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15
Q

antimicrobial peptides

A
  • <100AA long
  • evolutionarily ancient
  • cysteine-rich, cationic, amphipathic
  • disrupt membranes of pathogens
  • enter cells and inhibit synthesis of DNA, RNA and proteins
    ex. defensins, dermcidin
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16
Q

defensins (alpha and beta)

A
  • skin
  • mucosal epithelia
  • disrupt membranes
  • additional toxic effects intracellularly
  • kills cell and disable viruses
17
Q

dermcidin

A
  • skin (from sweat glands)
  • antibacterial and anti fungal
  • produces channels in membranes that disrupt ion gradients
18
Q

2nd line of innate defense

A

-families of PRRs recognize a wide variety of PAMP ligands
-PRRs can be intracellular or on cell membrane
*binding of PRR to PAMP results in signalling pathways becoming activated
>contributes to innate/inflammatory responses

19
Q

PRR locations

A
  • myeloid leukocytes
  • lymphocytes
  • epithelial cells of skin, mucosa and glandular tissues
  • vascular endothelial cells
  • stromal cells
20
Q

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

A
  • recognize many types of pathogen molecules
  • homologous to fruit fly Toll receptor
  • dimers with extracellular leucine-rich domains that bind PAMPs and DAMPs
  • location helps determine what each TLR will bind
21
Q

LRR

A
  • leucine rich repeats

- in TLRs

22
Q

plasma membrane TLRs

A
  • TLR 4/4
  • TLR 2/1
  • TLR 2/6
  • TLR 5/5
  • TLR 11/11
  • TLR 12/12
  • face outwards
23
Q

endomsomes/lysosomes TLRs

A
  • TLR 4/4
  • TLR 3/3
  • TLR 7/7
  • TLR 8/8
  • TLR9/9
  • face inwards
24
Q

mice only TLRs

A
  • TLR 11/11
  • TLR 12/12
  • TLR 13/13
25
Q

human only TLR

A

-TLR 10/10

26
Q

TLR 4/4

A
  • PM: gram negative bacteria

- endosomes: viral proteins

27
Q

TLR 2/1

A
  • only form of TLR 1
  • bacteria
  • parasites
28
Q

TLR 2/6

A
  • only form of TLR 6
  • gram positive bacteria
  • fungi
29
Q

TLR 5/5

A

-bacterial flagellin

30
Q

TLR 11/11

A

-uropathogenic bacteria

31
Q

TLR 12/12

A

-toxoplasma profilin

32
Q

TLR 3/3

A

-viral dsRNA

33
Q

TLR 7/7

A

-viral ssRNA

34
Q

TLR 8/8

A

-viral ssRNA

35
Q

TLR 9/9

A
  • bacterial/viral DNA

- plasmodium

36
Q

gram negative bacteria

A
  • display lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on cell surface
  • peptidoglycan is ‘hidden’
    ex. E.coli
37
Q

gram positive bacteria

A
  • have a thick layer of peptidoglycan at cell surface

ex. S. aureus

38
Q

TLRs recruit different adapter proteins

A

-to the Toll/IL-IR (TIR) domain
-leads to different events
>ex. transcriptional factors
-result is altered gene expression (upregulation of appropriate effectors)

Spring 2022 (54 decks)

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