BIOL 437 Measures of Risk Flashcards
1
Q
measures of risk
A
1. Frequency measures >ratio, proportion, rate 2. Morbidity Frequency Measures >incidence and prevalence >mortality rate
2
Q
frequency measures
A
- characterize only part of the distribution
- compare one part to another, or to the entire distribution
3
Q
ratio
A
- relative magnitude of two quantities
- comparison of any two values
- numerator and denominator do not need to be related
- used as both descriptive measures and analytic tools
4
Q
death-to-case ratio
A
- commonly used
- number of deaths during specific period divided by new cases in same period
- a measure of severity of an illness
5
Q
proportion
A
- comparison of a part to the whole
- numerator is included in the denominator
- decimal, fraction or percent
6
Q
uses of proportions
A
- used as descriptive measures
- used to describe the amount of a disease that is attributable to a specific exposure
- can be converted to ratios
7
Q
proportionate mortality
A
- proportion of deaths in a specifed population during a period of time that are attributable to different causes
- each cause is a percentage of all deaths
8
Q
rate
A
- measure of frequency with which an event occurs in a defined population over a specified period of TIME
- measure of risk
9
Q
types of rates
A
- incidence rate: how quickly
- attack rate: proportion that develops illness
- prevelance rate: proportion at particular time
- case-fatality rate: die
10
Q
morbidity
A
-any departure (subjective or objective) from a state of physiological or psychological well-being
>disease, injury, disability
11
Q
incidence
A
-occurence of new cases in a population over specific time
>new cases in a community
>new cases per unit of population
ex. incidence proportion or incidence rate
12
Q
incidence proportion
A
- attack rate
- probability of developing a disease (cumulative incidence)
- proportion of initially disease-free that develops disease during specific time
- numerator is is denominator
- used in outbreak setting
13
Q
types of attack rates
A
- Overall attack rate
- Food-specific attack rate
- Secondary attack rate
14
Q
secondary attack rate
A
-difference between community transmission vs. transmission within a household or closed population
15
Q
incidence rate
A
- person-time rate
- incorporates time directly into denominator
- generally applies to long-term cohort follow-up study
- each person is observed from a set starting time until one of four ‘end points’ is reached
