B2: Smoking: Learning approach

Question 1

Parental and peer role models ( initiation )

Answer 1

They act as role models for imitation. Smoking behaviors are observed, and vicarious reinforcement makes it likely that the observer will start smoking

Question 2

Positive reinforcement (initiation)

Answer 2

occurs when smoking provides a pleasurable reward (Nicotine activates the dopamine reward system, creating enjoyable sensations that reinforce smoking behavior.), making the behavior more likely to be repeated

Question 3

Negative reinforcement (maintenance )

Answer 3

Negative reinforcement occurs when smoking relieves withdrawal symptoms, making the behavior more likely to continue.

Question 4

Classical conditioning (maintenace)

Answer 4

. Sensations like the smell of smoke or feel of a cigarette become conditioned stimuli that trigger the pleasurable effects of smoking

Question 5

Conditioned cues (relapse)

Answer 5

Objects, people, or places associated with smoking become secondary reinforcers, triggering cravings and potentially leading to relapse.

Question 6

Low self efficacy (relapse)

Answer 6

Low self-efficacy reduces confidence to quit, leading to less effort, reluctance to try, and an increased likelihood of relapse at the first difficulty.