B16 - Adaptations + communities Flashcards
community
made up of the populations of diff species that are all interdependent in a habitat + adapted
ecosystem
made up of a community of organisms ineracting with the non living factors in the environment
plants compete for
light
space
water
mineral ions
biotic factors
living things
animals compete for
food
mates
territory
sun
source of energy
-transferred through ecosystems within chemical bonds that make up organisms
carbon, nitrogen, water
constantly recycled through micro organisms
community typically consists of (in terms of plants)
-produce food by photosynthesis
- animals eat plants
animals pollinae plants
plants absorb nutrients from animal droppings
community typically consists of (in terms of animals
-use plants as shelter
-eat other animals
interdependence
network of relationship between diff organisms within a community
-through food, shelter, pollination, seed dispersal
stables environemnt =
number or size is constant
- species in balance and environmental factors in balance
abiotic factors (7)
-light intensity
-temp
-moisture levels
- soil pH
-mineral content
- wind intensity/ direction
-availability of o2/co2
biotic factors (4)
- food
- new pathogens or parasites
-new predators - competition with new species
Quadrats
-investigate size of population of plants
Quadrats - same sample size =
valid results
quadrats areas chosen
- sample areas must be chosen at random
-to reflect true distribution of organisms
quadrats method to choose area
- random number generator
-spin + drop quadrat over shoulder
quantative sampling
mean of several random reading
-compare distribution of same species in diff habitats
transect
done where you suspect change is linked to a abiotic/biotic factors
transect method
stretch tape between two points
sample organsims along line at regular intervalls using a quadrat
better adapted =
more likely to survive and breed on
territory
allows enough food for themselves and young
light used for
photosynthesis
water used for
photosynthesis
tissues turgid
mineral ions used for
make needed chemicals
space used for
to grow
absorb nutrients
Adaptations - deep roots
access underground water stores
Adaptations - shallow roots
faster water absorption
Adaptations - height
reach more light
Adaptations - larger SA
more light
extremophiles
organisms that live in very extreme environements
-high temp or pressure
-salt concentration
extremophiles eg
bacteria in deep sea vents
structural adaptation
shape or colour
behavioural Adaptations
migration
functional Adaptations -
related to processes like reproduction
Cold climates adaptations -
- smaller SA:V ratio
- insulation
- fur
- thin skin area is small
Cold climates adaptations - smaller SA:V ratio
- reduce transfer of energy through skin
- less heat loss
- minimise cooling
Cold climates adaptations - insulation
-blubber eg
- thick layer of fat under skin
Cold climates adaptations - fur
effective insultaion
Cold climates adaptations - thin area of skin is small
- less heat loss
camouflage
change to adapt
- allow to go undetected by prey/predators
Dry climate adaptations - camels
- concentrated urine
-activity - large SA:V ratio
-thin ears
Dry climate adaptations - camels - concentrated urine
little water loss
Dry climate adaptations - camels -activity
most active early morning/evening (cooler)
- rest in hottest times of day
Dry climate adaptations - camels -thin ears
cools them down
Dry climate plant adaptations -
- broad leaves
-curled leaves - small fleshy leaves
-thick cuticle - cacti spines
Dry climate plant adaptations – broad leaves
-large SA
- to collect dew of cold evenings
-funnel back to shallow roots
Dry climate plant adaptations –curled leaves
- reduce SA of leaf- traps layer of moisture
-prevent water loss through evaporation
Dry climate plant adaptations – small fleshy leaves
- reduce water loss
Dry climate plant adaptations – cacti spines
- small SA
- loses little water
-sharp spines deter animals
Dry climate plant adaptations –thick waxy cuticle
- stops water evaporating
storing water in dry climates
-stem or fleshy leaves
