B12 - Kidneys

Question 1

kidney function

Answer 1

homeostasis in water balance of body

Question 2

kidneys if body is short on water

Answer 2

-conserves water content
-urine is little and concentrated

Question 3

kidneys if there is lots of water

Answer 3

-produces lots of dilute urine to remove excess

Question 4

mineral ions is removed by

Answer 4

removed by sweat
-excess removed by urine

Question 5

Process of kidneys: filtration

Answer 5

-filters blood
-glucose, mineral ions, urea, water are filtered out

Question 6

what isn’t filtered out of blood in kidneys

Answer 6

-blood cells and proteins are too large

Question 7

Process of kidneys: selective reabsorption

Answer 7

all glucose is reabsorbed into blood by diffusion and active transport

Question 8

Process of kidneys: selective reabsorption/ water regulation

Answer 8

-amount of water/mineral ions reabsorbed varies
-controlled by negative feedback
-ensures water balance in blood is kept within narrow range

Question 9

kidneys tubules

Answer 9

-inside nephrons
-millions make up kidneys
-selective reabsorption and removal of urea occurs here

Question 10

ADH

Answer 10

-secreted by pituitary gland
-negative feedback maintains water content in blood

Question 11

How is concentration of solutes in blood plasma detected

Answer 11

receptor cells in brain

Question 12

high concentration of solutes in blood

Answer 12

-ADH is released
-tubules become more permeable
-more water is reabsorbed
-concentrated urine
-solute level returns to normal

Question 13

low concentration of solutes or dilute blood

Answer 13

-ADH is inhibited
-tubules less permeable
-less reabsorption
- dilute urine

Question 14

How can kidneys become damages

Answer 14

-infection
trauma
-genetics

Question 15

problems caused by faulty kidney

Answer 15

-urea builds up and mineral ions
-water balance of body isn’t maintained
-cells damaged by osmosis

Question 16

dialysis

Answer 16

function of kidney is carried out artificially

Question 17

kidney transplant

Answer 17

-failed kidneys are replaced by healthy ones

Question 18

Dialysis machine process

Answer 18

-blood leaves body
-flows between partially permeable membrane alongside dialysis fluid

Question 19

dialysis fluid

Answer 19

-contains same concentration of useful substance as healthy person

Question 20

purpose of dialysis fluid

Answer 20

restores concentrations of substances to normal levels
-ensures not net movement of glucose out of blood

Question 21

mineral ion sand dialysis fluid

Answer 21

-excess mineral ions diffuse out of blood
-blood plasma has normal mineral ion levels

Question 22

urea and dialysis fluid

Answer 22

-dialysis fluid contains no urea
-urea from blood diffuses out of blood = steep concentration gradient

Question 23

diffusion in dialysis

Answer 23

-entirely depends on diffusion
-maintain concentration gradient
-maintained by flow of fluid

Question 24

Cons of dialysis

Answer 24

-strictly controlled diet
-regular long visits in hospital
-short time periods with good health - start to feel sick nearing next session
-eventually damages body

Question 25

Kidney transplants: reason for rejection

Answer 25

antigens are diff
-antibodies may attack antigens
-causes destruction of donor kidney

Question 26

antigens

Answer 26

proteins on cell surface

Question 27

Ways of reducing rejection of kidney transplant

Answer 27

-matching antigens very accurately
-immunosuppressant drugs

Question 28

cons of kidney transplant

Answer 28

-rejection
-won’t last forever and will need to be replaced
-must take immunosuppressants for rest of life
-regular checks for rejection
-very hard to find

Question 29

problem with immunosuppressant drugs

Answer 29

-weakens immune system to diseases as well

Question 30

pros of dialysis

Answer 30

-readily available

Question 31

pros of kidney transplant

Answer 31

-less expensive
-free from restrictions (no strict diet)