B11.5 - Human reproduction + Menstrual cycle

Question 1

which gland makes oestrogen

Answer 1

ovaries

Question 2

oestrogen

Answer 2

-triggers development of secondary sexual characteristics

Question 3

puberty changes in women

Answer 3

-growth spurt
-pubic and under arm hair
-breasts develop
-menstruation

Question 3

ovulation

Answer 3

every 28 days a mature egg is released

Question 4

what happens if the egg isn’t fertilised

Answer 4

14 days later it will be shed with a period
-all hormones drop
-lining pulls away and shed

Question 5

FSH

Answer 5

causes egg to mature in ovary

Question 6

LH

Answer 6

stimulates release of egg at ovulation time

Question 7

function of oestrogen

Answer 7

builds up uterus lining

Question 8

function of progesterone

Answer 8

maintenance of uterus lining

Question 9

where is progesterone produced

Answer 9

empty egg follicle

Question 10

menopause

Answer 10

eggs have run out
cannot have children

Question 11

testosterone produced by

Answer 11

testes

Question 12

testosterone effect

Answer 12

-pubic and underarm hair
-growth spurt
-voice breaks
-broader shoulders
-facial hair

Question 13

which gland secretes FSH

Answer 13

pituitary

Question 14

function of FSH

Answer 14

mature egg
-stimulate oestrogen production

Question 15

increase of oestrogen

Answer 15

-inhibits FSH and increases LH

Question 16

when does LH decrease

Answer 16

after ovulation

Question 17

progesterone

Answer 17

-inhibits FSH + LH
-maintains uterus lining in case of implantation

Question 18

why does progesterone inhibit FSH and LH

Answer 18

so that no other eggs are matured and released at the same time as implantation

-reduces risk of multiple pregnancies

Question 19

contraception

Answer 19

prevents egg and sperm from meeting
or
prevents implantation of fertilised egg

Question 20

Hormone based contraception

Answer 20

-low doses of oestrogen + progesterone
-to inhibit FSH
-prevent uterus lining from developing = prevents implantation
makes mucus in cervix thick = no sperm can enter

Question 21

Hormone based contraception side effects

Answer 21

-raised blood pressure
- thrombosis (blood clotting)
-breast cancer

Question 22

Progesterone only contraception

Answer 22

-more regularly taken
-prevent body hormones from overtaking = unexpected pregnancy

Question 23

spermicides

Answer 23

kill sperm
not that effective

Question 24

pro of implantation instead of pill

Answer 24

don’t have to remember to take it

Question 25

barrier contraception - condoms

Answer 25

-prevents stds
-prevents sperm from entering
-can be unreliable as can split

Question 26

IUD coil

Answer 26

contains progesterone - inhibits FSH
copper = stops implantation

Question 27

IUD cons

Answer 27

-must be inserted by Dr
-could cause infections

Question 28

abstaining

Answer 28

-not having sex at all or at times near ovulation

Question 29

sterilisation

Answer 29

-cut sperm ducts (vasectomy)
or oviducts
-permanent

Question 30

Infertility: lack of FSH

Answer 30

synthetic FSH and LH

Question 31

IVF used if - oviducts

Answer 31

-oviducts are damaged or blocked by infection

Question 32

IVF used if - donor

Answer 32

-donor egg has to be used

Question 33

IVF used if - infertility

Answer 33

no obvious cause

Question 34

IVF used if - sperm

Answer 34

-low sperm count
or isn’t matured sperm
so individual sperm is injected into egg

Question 35

Process of IVF: stage 1

Answer 35

synthetic FSH and LH is injected into mother
-maturation of a number of eggs at once

Question 36

Process of IVF: stage 2

Answer 36

-collect eggs from ovary and fertilise with sperm in lab

Question 37

Process of IVF: stage 3

Answer 37

fertilised egg is kept in special solutions in warm conditions
-all growth of embryos

Question 38

Process of IVF: stage 4

Answer 38

embryos are inserted into uterus
-bypasses faulty oviducts

Question 39

Cons of IVF

Answer 39

-expensive
-health risks for mother
-emotionally and physically stressful
-multiple pregnancies = complications