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PHARM 203 (Final) > Anxiolytic & Hypnotic (General) > Flashcards

Anxiolytic & Hypnotic (General) Flashcards

1
Q

Define Anxiety

A

Disorders of fear that involve a feeling of uneasiness, nervousness, etc.

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2
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

Ongoing state of excessive anxiety that lacks clear focus or reason

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3
Q

Social Anxiety Disorder

A

Fear of being with and interacting with people

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4
Q

Phobias

A

Strong fears of specific objects/situations

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5
Q

Panic Disorder

A

Sudden attacks of overwhelming fear accompanied with somatic symptoms

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6
Q

Post-Traumatic-Stress-Disorder

A

Anxiety that is triggered by recall of past stressful experiences

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7
Q

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

A

Compulsive ritualistic behaviour driven by irrational anxiety

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8
Q

Anxiety and _______ have a strong link/relationship

A

Anxiety and Depression

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9
Q

Benzodiazepines (Structure)

A

Class of drugs that contains a benzene ring fused with a diazepine ring

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10
Q

Benzodiazepines (Used to Treat)

A

Treats Acute Anxiety

(During medical procedure, also treats insomnia)

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11
Q

Benzodiazepines (Duration of Action)

A

4-48 Hours

Short to Long Lasting Effects

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12
Q

Benzodiazepines (Short Acting Effect)

A

Short acting effects used for their hypnotic effects

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13
Q

Benzodiazepines (Mechanism)

A

Positive Allosteric Modulator
Selective for GABA(A) Receptors

Binds to GABA Receptor (does not bind to the same binding site of GABA)
Facilitates Cl- Channel allowing more Cl- in, (Increases frequency of channel opening)

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14
Q

GABA(A) Receptors (Sleep Effects are Mediated By?)

A

Alpha 1 Subunit induces sleep

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15
Q

GABA(A) Receptors (Anxiolytic Effects are Mediated By?)

A

Alpha 2 Subunit mediates the main anxiolytic effect

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16
Q

Benzodiazepines (Effects)

A

Reduces anxiety and aggression

Induces sleep

Anticonvulsant Effects

Anterograde Amnesia

17
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

Prevents formation of memory of events when under Benzodiazepines

18
Q

Benzodiazepines (Unwanted Effects)

A

Drowsiness/Sedation
Amnesia
Impaired Coordination
Enhanced depressant effect of alcohol
Can be Abused

Acute Toxicity

19
Q

Benzodiazepines (Acute Toxcity)

A

Little risk of overdose, prolonged dosages will not cause serious depression of respiratory and cardiovascular

20
Q

Benzodiazepines (Alcohol)

A

If Benzodiazepines are taken with alcohol it can cause life threatening respiratory depression

21
Q

Postsynaptic 5-HT(1A)

A

Receptors are highly expressed in parts of brain related to emotional behaviour (Limbic System)

22
Q

Presynaptic 5-HT(1A)

A

Autoreceptors are inhibitory

23
Q

Buspirone (Mechanism of Action)

A

Acts as a partial agonist and binds to 5-HT1A Autoreceptors leading to an initial inhibition
Over time HT1A Autoreceptors will be desensitized to overactivation and lose their inhibitory effects –> Thus, Enhancing 5-HT Release

24
Q

Buspirone (Used to Treat)

A

Treats Generalized Anxiety Disorders (Takes a while to produce anxiolytic effect, thus, not used to treat acute anxiety)

25
Q

Buspirone (Unwanted Effects)

A

Dizziness
Headache
Nausea

26
Q

Antidepressants (What kind of drugs)

A

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors

27
Q

Antidepressants (Effects)

A

Treats Chronic Anxiety
Reduce depression associated with anxiety

(Takes weeks to produce anxiolytic effects)
–> Mechanism is similar to Buspirone

28
Q

Beta-Blockers

A

Propranolol

Treats somatic symptoms of anxiety
Reduces Tachycardia, Tremors, Sweating

29
Q

Insomnia (Treated by what class of drugs? How long do symptoms last?)

A

Hypnotic Drugs

Can be transient, long-term, chronic
Related to anxiety and depression

30
Q

Drugs to treat insomina

A

Benzodiazepine like drugs

Sedating antihistamines (First-gen)

Melatonin

31
Q

Mechanism of Benzodiazepine-Like Drugs

A

Zolpidem

Not structurally similar to BZD but, have a similar mechanism where they bind to GABA(A1) Receptors (Which induces sleep)

32
Q

Mechanism of First-Generation Antihistamines

A

Diphenhydramine

CNS Depressive Effect
Blockage of neural M1 Muscarinic Receptors

33
Q

When is Melatonin Secreted? Why?

A

Secretion is high at night to help you fall asleep

34
Q

Melatonin Receptors. Where are they located?

A

MT1 and MT2

Located in Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

35
Q

MT1 Activation Results in What?

A

Inhibits neuronal firing within SCN

36
Q

MT2 Activation Results in What?

A

Phase shifts circadian rhythm produced by SCN

PHARM 203 (Final) (41 decks)

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