Amino Acids (General)

Question 1

Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors
- Receptor Type?

Answer 1

Ligand-Gate Ion Channel

Question 2

Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors
- Subtypes?

Answer 2

NMDA Receptors
AMPA Receptors
Kainate Receptors

Question 3

Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors
- Receptor Type?

Answer 3

G Protein Coupled Receptor

Question 4

Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors
- Subtypes

Answer 4

Group 1
Group 2
Group 3

Question 5

Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors
- Structure

Answer 5

4 Subunits with Pore Loop

16 Subtypes of Subunits

Question 6

Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors
- NMDA Receptors

Answer 6

Ca2+ Flows through

• Blocked by Mg2+
• Requires Glycine for activation (Allosteric Modulator)
• Long Lasting Depolariszation

Question 7

Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors
- AMPA Receptors

Answer 7

Fast Kinetics
- Short Lasting Depolarization

Question 8

Excess Glutamate Activity?

Answer 8

Excess Ca2+ –> Excitotoxicity
–> Death of Neurons

Question 9

Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors
- Group 1

Answer 9

Postsynaptic Receptors

Excitatory

Increase Ca2+

Question 10

Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors
- Group 2 & 3

Answer 10

Presynaptic Receptors

Reduces synaptic excitability

Question 11

GABA(A) Receptors
- Receptor Type

Answer 11

Ligand-Gated Ion Channels

Question 12

GABA(A) Receptors
- Structure
- Location

Answer 12

Pentamer
Alpha-Beta-Alpha-Beta-Gamma

Found primarily Postsynaptically

Question 13

GABA(A) Receptors
- Function

Answer 13

Fast, Long Lasting Inhibition

Allows Cl- to enter (Hyperpolarization)

Question 14

GABA(A) Receptors
- Extrasynaptic vs Synaptic

Answer 14

Extrasynaptic Receptors have higher affinity for GABA than Synaptic Receptors

Question 15

GABA(B) Receptors
- Receptor Type

Answer 15

GPCR

Question 16

GABA(B) Receptors
- Structure
- Location

Answer 16

Dimeric Gi/Go

Located Presynaptically and postsynaptically

Question 17

GABA(B) Receptors
- Function

Answer 17

Presynaptic: Inhibits Voltage Gated Ca2+ Channels
–> Decreases Transmitter Release

Postsynaptic: Opens K+ Channels
–> Hyperpolarization, less excitability

Question 18

Glycine Receptor
- Receptor Type
- Structure

Answer 18

Ligand-Gated Cl- Channel

Pentameric

Question 19

Glycine Receptor
- Function

Answer 19

Regulates:
- Respiratory Rhythms
- Motor Control
- Muscle Tone
- Pain Signalling

Question 20

Dopamine Receptors
- Receptor Type
- Subtypes
- Acts where

Answer 20

GPCRs
- D1 = Gs
- D2 = Gi

D1 (D1, 5)
D2 (D2-4)

Acts both Presynaptically and Postsynaptically

Question 21

D1

Answer 21

Causes postsynaptic inhibition (Despite being Gs)
- Increases AC –> Increased PKA –> Phosphorylates Ion Channels

• Ion Channels are blocked, preventing Na+ from passing –> Prevent Depolarization
• Inhibitory Effect

Question 22

D2

Answer 22

Causes pre- and postsynaptic inhibition
- Decrease AC –> Decrease cAMP

Functions as inhibitory receptors on dopaminergic neurons
- ls also found on non-dopaminergic nerve terminals

Question 23

Dopaminergic Pathway
(Motor Effects)

Answer 23

Nigrostriatal Pathways
(Substantia Nigra & Corpus Striatum)

• Dopamine controls/inhibits excitatory motor neurons

Question 24

Dopaminergic Pathway
(Behavioural Function)

Answer 24

Mesocortical/Mesolimbic Pathways

• Dopamine activates reward pathways
• Dopamine is responsible for emotion and euphoria

Question 25

Dopaminergic Pathway
(Neuroendocrine Function)

Answer 25

Neurohypophyseal Pathway

Hypothalamus secrete dopamine to inhibit prolactin release from pituitary

Question 26

Dopaminergic Pathway
(Peripherally)

Answer 26

Dopamine plays a role in:
- Renal Vasodilation
- Myocardial Contractility

Question 27

Dopamine Roles Summary

Answer 27

CNS:
- Motor Control
- Reward Pathways
- Prolactin Release Inhibition
- Nausea and Vomiting

PNS:
- Renal Vasodilation
- Myocardial Contractility

Question 28

How long is Dopamine’s Half Life in Blood?

Answer 28

Not that long, has a short half life