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FBS1 > Anatomical basis of homeostasis > Flashcards

Anatomical basis of homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the classes of hormones

A

Amino acid derviatives (adrenaline)
Small peptides (ADH)
Proteins (insulin)
Steroids (cortisol)

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of a peptide/hormone producing cell

A

Lots of RER, Golgi and secretory vesicles

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of a steroid secreting cell

A

Lots of SER
Mitochondria
Lipid droplets

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4
Q

How is the pituitary connected to the floor of the III ventricle

A

by the infundibulum just posterior to the optic chiasma

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5
Q

Where is the pituitary gland

A

attached via the infundibulum just posterior to the optic chiasma

lies in a depression in the body of the sphenoid (pituitary fossa/sella turcica)

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6
Q

What is another name for the pituitary fossa

A

sella turica

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7
Q

What is the name of the layer covering the pituitary fossa

A

diaphragma sellae

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8
Q

What are the two parts of the pituitary gland

A

adenohypophysis

neurohypophysis

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9
Q

What are the subdivisions of the adenohypophysis

A

pars distalis, tuberalis, intermedia

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10
Q

What are the subdivisions of the neurohypophysis

A

pars nervosa

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11
Q

What is another name for the anterior pituitary

A

adenohypophysis

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12
Q

What is another name for the posterior pituitary

A

neurohypophysis

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13
Q

Describe the embryological development of the adenohypophysis

A

An upgrowth of the endo/ectoderm from the embryonic oral cavity (Rathke’s pouch)

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14
Q

What is Rathke’s pouch

A

Upgrowth of ectoderm/endoderm of embryonic mouth cavity which forms adenohypophysis

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15
Q

Describe the embryological development of the neurohypophysis

A

A downgrowth from the floor of diencephalon

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16
Q

Describe the cellular strucure of the posterior pituitary

A

axons of neurons + population of glial like cell called pituicytes

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17
Q

What is the name of the glial like cells in the pituitary gland

A

pituicytes

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18
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the neurons whos axons travel through into the posterior pituitary

A

The cell bodies are in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus

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19
Q

What does ADH do

A

Increases water retention in the kidney

raises blood pressure by contracting smooth muscle cells

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20
Q

Whar does oxytocin do

A

Contraction of smooth muscles cells- especially of uterus during childbirth + myoepithelial cells of mammary gland during lactation

Social and sexual bonding

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21
Q

How long is the peptide chain in ADH/oxytocin

A

9 peptides

22
Q

What are herring bodies

A

Accumulations of hormone (ADH/oxytoxin) in axons

23
Q

What are the classifications of the cells in the pars distalis region of the anterior pituitary and how do they stain with H+E

A

Acidophils (pink/orange)
Basophils (blue)
Chromophobes (poorly)

24
Q

What do somatotrophs secrete

A

growth hormone

25
Q

What do mammotrophs secrete

A

prolactin

26
Q

What acidophils are in the pars distalis regoin of the anterior pituitary gland

A

somatotrophs and mammotrophs

27
Q

What basophils are in the pars distalis region of the adenohypophysis

A

thyrotrophs
coriticotrophs
gonadotrophs

28
Q

What do thyrotrophs secrete

A

TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

29
Q

What do corticotrophs secrete

A

adrenocorticotrophic hormon (ACTH)

30
Q

What do gonatotrophs secrete

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

31
Q

What type of cells makes up the pars tuberalis

A

thin layer of cuboidal cells, mostly gonadotrophs

32
Q

What type of cells make up the pars intermedia

A

melanocyte stimulating hormone (increases skin pigmentation)

33
Q

At which level does the isthmus lie

A

2nd-4th tracheal

34
Q

What is the isthmus of the thyroid

A

the bit that joins the two butterfly rings;

35
Q

Why is the isthmus sometimes joined to the hyoid bone by a fibrous cord

A

the fibrous cord is a remnant of the embryological thyroglossal duct

36
Q

Describe the embryological development of the thyroid

A

from a diverticulum in the floor of the pharynx

37
Q

What do the follicles of the thyroid gland secrete

A

thyroglobulin

38
Q

How is iodide metabolised in the thyroid

A

oxidised to iodine

covalently attaches to the tyrosines of thyroglobulin in lumen of follicle

39
Q

What does TSH do on follicles with iodine

A

follicle cells endocytose the iodinated thyroglobulin + break it down in lysosomes

release the iodinated tyrosine derivatives as tetraiodothyronine (thyroxine)
or tri-iodithyronine

40
Q

What do thyroid C cells do

A

secrete calcitonin - inhibits Ca2+ mobilization from bone

41
Q

What does calcitonin do

A

inhibits Ca2+ mobilization

42
Q

What is the shape of the right adrenal gland

A

pyramidal

43
Q

What is the shape of the left adrenal gland

A

cresent

44
Q

What are the layers and development of the adrenal glands

A

Cortex - derived from coelomic epithelium

Medulla - derived from adjacent sympathetic ganglion

45
Q

What are the layers of the adrenal cortex

A

zona glomerulosa, fasciulata, reticularis

46
Q

What is the purpose of the zona glomerulosa

A

secretes mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

47
Q

Where is aldosterone secreted from

A

zona glomerulosa in cortex of adrenal gland

48
Q

What is the function of zona fasciculata

A

glucocorticoids (cortisol)

49
Q

Where is cortisol released from

A

zona fasciculata of cortex of adrenal gland

50
Q

How is the medulla of the adrenal glands controlled

A

via preganglionic sympathetic input from greater and lesser splanchnic nerves via coeliac ganglion

51
Q

What does the medulla of the adrenal gland do

A

secretes catecholamines into blood

52
Q

What are the functions of the different cell types in the islets of Langerhands

A

A - secrete glucagon
B - secrete insulin
D - somatostatin
F - pancreatic polypeptide

FBS1 (74 decks)

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