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russia > Alexander III 1881 - 1894 > Flashcards

Alexander III 1881 - 1894 Flashcards

1
Q

how many members of people’s will arrested in 1881

A

150 + hanged those directly related

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2
Q

when were closed court of sessions reintroduced

A

1885

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3
Q

when was peasant vote to zemstva reduced

A

1890 for more noble control

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4
Q

what happened in beginning of reign

A

reversal of liberal reforms Alexander II to autocracy

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5
Q

what creed did Alexander adopt

A

Povedonostev ‘ Autocracy, Orthodoxy + Nationality’

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6
Q

evidence of Russification

A

-russian language reinforced
-37,000 lutherans converted to orthodoxy in baltic region

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7
Q

who was Pobendonostov

A

tutor to Alexander III + son Nicholas - chief procurator of holy synod therefore Russification

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8
Q

what group was directly hit by Russification

A

Jews

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9
Q

how many jews in Russian empire

A

5 million

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10
Q

how many jewish programs recorded

A

259

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11
Q

Alexander II economic policies overview by Von Reutern

A

-end tax farming ( corruption)
-gov dividends for foreign investors

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12
Q

beginning of Alexander III reign main problems

A

-transport limited
-russian ruble unstable

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13
Q

when was Vyshnegradsky economic ministers from

A

1887 to 1892

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14
Q

examples of economic policy by Vyshnegradsky

A

-import tarifs ( on buying from outside country) by 30% –> results in ppl wanting to produce in country grain exports increase by 18%

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15
Q

1881-1891 how much did grain exports rise by for increasing import tariffs ?

A

18%

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16
Q

downfall of Vyshengradsky

A

1891-92 famine kills 350,000

17
Q

how did Vyshnegradsky raise GDP

A

many methods but peasant taxation increased to increase GDP

18
Q

impact of emancipation

A

relocation peasantry - too little land therefore agricultural practices change

19
Q

what was Vyshnegradsky’s overall policy aims

A

balance budget by increasing tax + tariffs - reach a positive trade balance for foreign invtesment

20
Q

Alexander Russification - personality

A

hated germans + criticised milyutins military reforms as violation Russian traditions

21
Q

immediate actions of Alexander III evidence

A

publish Pobedonostov’s manifesto ‘ truth of autocratic power + 10,000 arrests by police

22
Q

what should 1881 Russia be regarded as despite Alexander II reform

A

administratively primitive + economically weak

23
Q

evidence of factory reforms under bunge

A

1886 law - procedures on hiring + firing

24
Q

Bunge Factory work reforms analysis

A

inadequate as 267 inspectors by 1897 + disliked by workers ( urban strikes had doubled before 1886 law therefore intended to suppress urban unrest - did not work)

25
Q

vysnegradsky tariff increase by 30% increases gov income by

A

55% 1891

26
Q

what did growth under Vynshnegradsky result in ?

A

1888 series of French loans - 1892 first budget surplus

27
Q

what was Vyshnedgradsky’s slogan

A

‘We must go hungry but export’

28
Q

how did Vyshnegradksy fail in angering peasants

A

2 million died in famine while export drive continued + redemption payments

29
Q

evidence of Russification in Poland

A

1885 all teaching Russian + 100,000 troops stationed to suppress revolt

30
Q

what did Alexander do in 1883 countryside

A

increase power of bolshak (commune leader) = increased control of mir

31
Q

by 1893 what were peasants banned from leaving

A

the mir

32
Q

evidence of failure okhrana in strikes

A

1886 33 strikes per/yr –> 1903 550 strikes per/yr

33
Q

overall opinion on Alexander III policy

A

-satsifcation of political elites + suppression of peasantry creates illusion of peace beyond which revolutionary thinking evolved + backwards institutions e.g. mir reinforced

34
Q

how did Alexander describe Loris Mleikohv constitution

A

senseless dreams

35
Q

when were landcaptains

A

1889

36
Q

what are land captains a good example of

A

local gov - maintaining control in countryside

37
Q

what did zemstvo act do

A

brought zemstvo under central control

38
Q

why does witte become minister

A

1893 vyshnegradsky resigns after famine

39
Q

wittes financial policy should be known as

A

Great spurt

russia (29 decks)

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