Alexander III 1881 - 1894 Flashcards
how many members of people’s will arrested in 1881
150 + hanged those directly related
when were closed court of sessions reintroduced
1885
when was peasant vote to zemstva reduced
1890 for more noble control
what happened in beginning of reign
reversal of liberal reforms Alexander II to autocracy
what creed did Alexander adopt
Povedonostev ‘ Autocracy, Orthodoxy + Nationality’
evidence of Russification
-russian language reinforced
-37,000 lutherans converted to orthodoxy in baltic region
who was Pobendonostov
tutor to Alexander III + son Nicholas - chief procurator of holy synod therefore Russification
what group was directly hit by Russification
Jews
how many jews in Russian empire
5 million
how many jewish programs recorded
259
Alexander II economic policies overview by Von Reutern
-end tax farming ( corruption)
-gov dividends for foreign investors
beginning of Alexander III reign main problems
-transport limited
-russian ruble unstable
when was Vyshnegradsky economic ministers from
1887 to 1892
examples of economic policy by Vyshnegradsky
-import tarifs ( on buying from outside country) by 30% –> results in ppl wanting to produce in country grain exports increase by 18%
1881-1891 how much did grain exports rise by for increasing import tariffs ?
18%
downfall of Vyshengradsky
1891-92 famine kills 350,000
how did Vyshnegradsky raise GDP
many methods but peasant taxation increased to increase GDP
impact of emancipation
relocation peasantry - too little land therefore agricultural practices change
what was Vyshnegradsky’s overall policy aims
balance budget by increasing tax + tariffs - reach a positive trade balance for foreign invtesment
Alexander Russification - personality
hated germans + criticised milyutins military reforms as violation Russian traditions
immediate actions of Alexander III evidence
publish Pobedonostov’s manifesto ‘ truth of autocratic power + 10,000 arrests by police
what should 1881 Russia be regarded as despite Alexander II reform
administratively primitive + economically weak
evidence of factory reforms under bunge
1886 law - procedures on hiring + firing
Bunge Factory work reforms analysis
inadequate as 267 inspectors by 1897 + disliked by workers ( urban strikes had doubled before 1886 law therefore intended to suppress urban unrest - did not work)
vysnegradsky tariff increase by 30% increases gov income by
55% 1891
what did growth under Vynshnegradsky result in ?
1888 series of French loans - 1892 first budget surplus
what was Vyshnedgradsky’s slogan
‘We must go hungry but export’
how did Vyshnegradksy fail in angering peasants
2 million died in famine while export drive continued + redemption payments
evidence of Russification in Poland
1885 all teaching Russian + 100,000 troops stationed to suppress revolt
what did Alexander do in 1883 countryside
increase power of bolshak (commune leader) = increased control of mir
by 1893 what were peasants banned from leaving
the mir
evidence of failure okhrana in strikes
1886 33 strikes per/yr –> 1903 550 strikes per/yr
overall opinion on Alexander III policy
-satsifcation of political elites + suppression of peasantry creates illusion of peace beyond which revolutionary thinking evolved + backwards institutions e.g. mir reinforced
how did Alexander describe Loris Mleikohv constitution
senseless dreams
when were landcaptains
1889
what are land captains a good example of
local gov - maintaining control in countryside
what did zemstvo act do
brought zemstvo under central control
why does witte become minister
1893 vyshnegradsky resigns after famine
wittes financial policy should be known as
Great spurt
