2.1 economy

Question 1

why did Alexander begin industrialisation

Answer 1

-peasant unrest dealt w/ moving rural workers off land

Question 2

example of foreign expertise in Alexander II industrialisation led by Reutern

Answer 2

-J.J.Hughes - largest producer pig iron - Hughes creates town Yuzovo

Question 3

evidence of industrial success due to railway in Alexander

Answer 3

-double industrial output + avg annual growth rate 6%

Question 4

Alexander III when was peasant land bank set up

Answer 4

1883

Question 5

peasant land bank - 1911 how much of system under public control

Answer 5

69%

Question 6

vyshnegradsky replaces Bunge 1887 why

Answer 6

bunge liberal policy = fall rouble

Question 7

when was the Medelev’ev tariff

Answer 7

1891 - income gained through taxes on imports

Question 8

when was Vyshnegradsky famine due to ‘we shall not eat but shall export’

Answer 8

1891

Question 9

when did Witte place Russia on gold standard

Answer 9

1897

Question 10

what did Witte adopt

Answer 10

-foreign loans + raise taxes - allow capital for investment in industry

Question 11

effect of Witte’s great spurt

Answer 11

-iron + steel production 7 fold

Question 12

increase income industry Witte’s great spurt

Answer 12

42 million to 161 million roubles

Question 13

what could Witte’s policies be seen as

Answer 13

‘dress rehearsal’ for Stalins industrialisation

Question 14

criticism of Witte policy

Answer 14

-1914 Russia 11x fewer miles track than germany

Question 15

1909-1913 industrial output increase by

Answer 15

7% per year

Question 16

however why was Stolypin unsuccessful

Answer 16

-inflation as money borrowed to fund war - price fuel + food quadrupled in first 2 yrs

Question 17

why was state capitalism adopted by Lenin nov 1917

Answer 17

state takes control economy until proletariat can take charge

Question 18

state capitalism - SEC when formed and what

Answer 18

dec 1917 - control key industries nationalised under bolsheviks - nationalisation fo all enterprises w/ > 10 workers

Question 19

evid economic hardship by end civil war

Answer 19

-coal 29 million tonnes - 8.9 million tonnes

Question 20

war communism - what was set up for forced requisition

Answer 20

1918 Food Supplies Dictatorship

Question 21

Red Terror

Answer 21

1918 assassination attempt Lenin = Cheka assert control

Question 22

death toll at Cheka

Answer 22

300,000 1918-1920

Question 23

when was famine

Answer 23

1921 - peasants sowed less grain + less animals

Question 24

when was NEP introduced- key feature

Answer 24

1921 denationalisation - priv market

Question 25

when was scissors criss

Answer 25

1923

Question 26

1923 - how many Nepmen control retail trade

Answer 26

60%

Question 27

evidence economic success w/ NEP

Answer 27

-1921-1924 - 37.6 –> 51.4 million tonnes grain

Question 28

what was scissor crisis

Answer 28

fall prices agriculture + increase prices industry (due to increased production food and slower pace industrial goods)

Question 29

Lenin’s death 2 sides NEP

Answer 29

favour (right) oppose (left) 1924

Question 30

always mention w/ stalin economic plans

Answer 30

evidence corrupt as managers lived in climate of terror + fear

Question 31

continuation policy

Answer 31

Khrushchev continues Stalin’s centralised planning

Question 32

what’s a command economy

Answer 32

state controlled

Question 33

why did stalin introduce collectivisation 1928

Answer 33

Nepmen too rich peasants hoard grain 1927 75% 1926 grain produced

Question 34

forced collectivisation evid

Answer 34

1929 60% farms collectviised

Question 35

collectivisation - dekulikisation evid

Answer 35

1 million kulaks effected

Question 36

evidence of success under 5yp

Answer 36

1928 -1960 5 to 292 million KWh electricity

Question 37

2 similiarities tsar + communist agriculture

Answer 37

agriculture subersvient to industry - peasants treated less than urban workers - industry had to come first to compete w/ west