Alexander II 1855-1881 reform and reaction Flashcards
what was a central goal of Russian foreign policy - what was the issue?
obtain warm water port at Bosporus straits and strait of Dardanelles Black Sea REGION
-IN OTTOMAN HANDS
dates of crimean war
1853 - 1856
how had ottoman damaged Russian prestige ?
sultan gave holy Palestine places to French catholics (not Russian orthodox)
who was against Russia?
Britain France Turkey Sardinia
total Russian troops
700,000
total opposition troops
980,0000
what did Russia claim to be
defender balkan people
who made up balkan people
slavs and christian orthodox
Ottoman Empire was
‘sickman of europe’
when was battle Sinope
nov 1853 - Russian victory
1855 - social how what % population illiterate
55%
1855 - social how what % population illiterate
55%
how to describe Russia 1855
geographically large economically underdeveloped
ratio village to town 1855
11:1
when did Alexander ascend
March 1855 - Crimea ending
defeat in crimean war
battle balaclava
battle inkerman
predecessor Alexander II
Nicholas I
how much spent per annum in Crimea
45% per GDP on military but remains backwards
how many ottomans killed in battle Sinope
3000
when does Nicholas die
march 1855 (I leave to you my kingdom not in the state I would have wished)
when was peace treaty signed
Treaty Paris March 1856 (follow armistice in Feb)
main terms treaty Paris
-neutral black sea
-ottoman independence
-Moldovia + Wallachia under ottoman rule (Russia demanded ottoman accept Russia protection of Eastern Orthodox there)
problem with Crimea death toll
no genuine estimate
highest estimate Russia death
500,000 (but stats vary)
crimean war firsts in industry
-railroad for transportation
-steam powered ships + ironclads
-shell firing canons
main casualty of crimean war (political)
-Concert of Europe( main powers working together) shattered - fragile unity destroyed
what did crimean war expose in Russia
backward agrarian society compared to industrialised west
what did the crimean war do for Russia and Austria
lost alliance - now enemies
how much Russian population serfs
82%
issue in nobility
inherited wealth therefore no circulation - no consumer society <1% of society
what was black earth region
highest populated region
how much of Russia orthodox
70% society = priests in villages have control on peasants
social issues in Russia - lack of intellectual
3500 ppl in 6 unis
