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russia > Alexander II interpretations > Flashcards

Alexander II interpretations Flashcards

1
Q

How Liberal was the Russian gov 1855 to 1881 ? 2 debates

A

tsar liberator or only made concessions to gain support

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2
Q

tsar liberator zmestva + education

A

1864 zemstva work in education 1855 55% illiterate – 8,000 to 23,000 primary schools

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3
Q

tsar liberator

A

1861 emancipation – 23 million

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4
Q

concessions to win support zemstvo

A

1864 creation zemstvo divert attention from reformist nobility demand for reform

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5
Q

concessions to win support peasants uprising

A

712 peasant uprising 1826 to 1854 – grant concession to intelligentsia – lessen social + political threat posed = ulterior motive

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6
Q

concessions to win support - zemstva limitations

A

no control over taxes + appointment officials – 1914 43/70 provinces provincial assembly

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7
Q

concessions to win support populists - actions

A

15000 populist ‘go to ppl’ arrested - annoyed against lack of land + taxes

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8
Q

concessions to win support - populist - repercussions

A

1877 trial of 193 populists – spread propaganda against Russian gov

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9
Q

To what extent did reforms made by Alexander II improve the status of the Russian peasants? - 2 debates

A

state Russian peasant improve or do not improve

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10
Q

state russian peasant improve - nobility land reduce by

A

1905 land owned by nobility reduce by 40%

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11
Q

state russian peasant improve skl

A

1864 – zemstvo control schools 8,000 to 23,000 primary skls

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12
Q

state russian peasant improve - urban migration

A

peasants migrate to cities + form ‘aristocracy of labour’ – special skills offered as teams (‘artels’)

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13
Q

state russian peasant no improve - no change emancipation

A

49 yr redemption payments
-lose 4.9% of prev land holding

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14
Q

state russian peasant no improve - mir connection

A

peasants remain answering to mir – mir forces subsistence farming ( no surplus) therefore no incentive to improve land + working conditions

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15
Q

state russian peasant no improve - Tolstoy exam system

A

Tolstoy manipulates exam system so only noble children in uni 3500 in 6 unis

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16
Q

state russian peasant no improve - agriculture / counter urban migration point

A

80% population dependent on agriculture – rural society

17
Q

state russian peasant no improve - polish uprising

A

1863 Jan Polish uprising – upset not emancipated

18
Q

How Far were Alexander II’s reforms due to the Crimean War

A

crimea war causation or correlation

19
Q

crime war = reform - milyutin reform

A

Milyutin reforms due to military failure – jan 1874 – military conscription for all social classes not just peasantry

20
Q

crimea war = reform - industry

A

industrial development accelerated by Crimea

21
Q

crimea war = reform - death toll

A

220,000 russian death but 21,000 british - death toll limits economy dependent on low skilled labour -

22
Q

crimea war not reform - railway demand

A

growing industry e.g. railway routes – trans Siberia – demands more labour – serfdom needed to be abolished

23
Q

crimea war not reform - Alex II tutor

A

population pressure on subsistence farming
-Alex II tutor – Zhukovksy – romantic poet – liberalism

24
Q

Crimea war not reform - climate

A

1853 – met with nobility to discuss serfdom
-Russian climate could not depend on agriculture – need industrialisation for stability –

25
Q

crimea war not reform compare Britain railways

A

1860s Britain 15,000km train + russia 1,600km

26
Q

debate 4 - how far were national minority issues neglected

A

yes or no

27
Q

neglected national minority issues - Poland

A

Tsar’s rejection of Polish concessions from Wielpolski proposed acceptance of tsar dynasty - 1863 rebellion = poles desire for independence

28
Q

neglected national minority issues - milyutin plan

A

countered w/ repression

29
Q

Alex II Ukraine

A

1876 commission to investigate separatist activity

30
Q

Alex II - jews

A

merchant + doctors jews live outside pale

31
Q

what did Alex II reject in Poland

A

wielpolski demand for polish liberties e.g. semi independent gov

32
Q

example fo Alex II harsh treatment poles

A

396 executed after uprising

33
Q

when was serfdom abolished in Poland + why

A

1864 to punish nobility for involvement in rebellion

34
Q

Alex II treatment of Finland

A

1863 russia diet - increase reforms -

35
Q

Alex II Central Asia expansion

A

significant expansion

36
Q

when did Alex II remove glasnost

A

1866

russia (29 decks)

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