1904-1906 Russia in Revolution Flashcards
how was Russia’s landscape changing
peasants moving to cities = nobility do not have tight hold on countryside e
how does revolution occur
-industrialisation = expectations rise then recession strips Russia of gains e.g. Donbas 25/35 furnaces working
who was head of okrhana
zubatovw
what did zubatov set up
1901 3 unions in Moscow for workers to demand concessions from employers
but what can zubatov unions be said to
cover for radicals - defied cause
why did Russia go to war w/ Japan in 1904
-ice free port of Manchuria
-understimate Japan therefore reject settlement in favour of war
when did port Arthur fall to Japanese
jan 1906
major loss / humiliation for russia in Japanese war
loss of baltic fleet - may 1905 - incompetent + weak
how did Japanese war cause revolution
Ascher ‘ catastrophic defeats justified opposition claims that autocratic gov was ‘irresponsible, incompetent + reckless’ - catalyst for meltdown
when was Bloody Sunday
jan 1905 - fire on peaceful demonstrators
who was Gapon
priest w/ allegiance to tsar who led assembly Russian factory workers
what was Bloody Sunday
Gapon marches to winter palace w/ 100,000 ppl demanding better working conditions (peaceful)
how many died in Bloody Sunday
130
what should Bloody Sunday be considered
sparked 1905 uprisings but also broke the patriarchal bond between tsar + ppl ( received bullets when they asked for help)
how many went on strike in cities in reaction to Bloody Sunday
400,000
when did Battleship Potemkin mutiny
June 1905
what should Potemkin mutiny be considered
embarrassment for tsar - 2000 shot by gov + chaos
when was the st Petersburg soviet formed
October 1905
what should the soviets be considered
strong indicator of power urban workers - organised societies prompted by Mensheviks
what did October manifesto do for witte
isolate radicals by accommodating the liberals
example of October manifesto points
-freedom speech
-elected duma - can block but not enact laws
when did general strike occur
October 1905 - puts gov under pressure - October manifesto ends strike
what did national minorities begin to demand in October rev
-end Russification e.g. poles want independence + jews want rights
stats on minorities in October rev
constant force of 300,000 in Poland
stats on mutinies in army
200 mutinies in rev - as many army peasants
role of revolutionary parties e.g. SR. + SD in rev
-not ready for revolution therefore peasants + urban worker often apathetic to their chaotic structure + turn to local leader
how many gov officials killed in 1905
3600 killed or wounded
what did soviets do in period after manifesto
St Petersburg soviet too ‘confident’ in freedom - organised militia of 6,000 men + strikes
how did the gov respond in weeks following manifesto
reactionary minister interior Durnovo arrests leader St Petersburg Soviet
reaction of middle class
liberals felt demands had been met + middle class just want order restored by tsar
however countryside reaction to manifesto
wave of violence lasted longer - Tambov region 130 estates burnt down
why were peasants infuriated by manifesto
had not received a deal on land + already bad harvest
gov response to countryside revolt
1/2 redemption payments in 1906 + end in 1907+ landbank to buy land
gov response in countryside
oct 1905-april 1906 15,000 executed in ‘Stolypin’s necktie’
comparison point how many killed 1825 to 1905
192 politcal execution - years preceding 1905
3,700 executed 1906-1910
Tsar image after revolution
‘Nicholas the Bloody’ - public display fo delight after expedition in baltic states kills 1200
Ultimately how did Tsar recover from revolution
Loyal army and an October manifesto which divided liberals and socialists along with a loyal middle class diminished urban unrest. 1906 French loan funded countryside expeditions to restore order. Presence of terror + need for order felt.
how could perception of tsar by ppl be defined
Fear and respect replaced by fear alone
impact of rev after 1905
Urban workers went back to reality of inhumane conditions + thus felt let down by liberals + more inclined to radicalism
argument on cause of 1905
-stemmed from economic growth in which people in all demographics began to demand more whether that be business’s wanting freedom of action or workers demanding better conditions. Revolutionary groups + activists seen as outsiders divorced from social concerns
was 1905 the ‘dress rehearsal’ as Lenin claimed for 1917
NO- widespread demand for better conditions often not liberal. It was ppl attempting real change at present not for further events - ‘genuine but incomplete revolution’ - radicals often outsiders therefore revolution opened up paths for 1917 but it was not the intention
