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russia > Alexander II reform > Flashcards

Alexander II reform Flashcards

1
Q

two divisions of serfs

A

obrok and barschina

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2
Q

obrok serfs

A

pay rent

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3
Q

barschina serfs

A

pay w/ labour

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4
Q

who had abolished serfdom but not granted land

A

baltic states of Estonia livonia and Kurland 1816 -1819

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5
Q

evidence of Nicholas I against serfdom

A

‘evil palpable to all’ - ten secret committees but little change

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6
Q

problems w/ serfdom

A

-no consumerism
-corruption
-unrest

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7
Q

kulak

A

rich peasant

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8
Q

Izba

A

peasant hut

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9
Q

usab’bd

A

land around cottage

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10
Q

what is slavophilism

A

supremacy of Russian + slav culture over western

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11
Q

Political causes Alexander reform

A

-abolish from above before serfdom revolts from below 50 million countryside peasants mourning 600,000 Russians in Crimea war

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12
Q

crimean war as cause for reform

A

-50 million countryside peasants mourning 600,000 Russians in Crimea war

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13
Q

what was period 1855 to 1860 one of

A

reform

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14
Q

period mid 1860 - 1881

A

reaction

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15
Q

two strands of debate for Alexander II

A

-slavophils = look to Russian inner strength
-westerners = sought to copy reforms of Western Europe

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16
Q

evidence of contemporary westerner

A

B chicherin

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17
Q

Alexander did not want to reduce power of autocracy but make it

A

more efficient

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18
Q

evidence of peasant uprising as a cause for emancipation

A

1825 Decembrist revolt - unsuccessful but demonstrates autocracy could not continue if no acceptance of reform

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19
Q

when was emancipation edict

A

march 1861

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20
Q

evidence of peasants remain tied to state

A

redemption payments to their obshchina ( village mir / commune) for 49 years

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21
Q

evidence peasant riots after emancipation

A

647 riots - (some angry at loss land / believe landlord concealed the real terms of the edict)

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22
Q

how much land did peasants lose

A

4.1% of pre 1861 agricultural holding

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23
Q

BUT what can be said about protest immediately after

A

Graham derby ‘ immediate protests but then relative peace for 40 years’

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24
Q

Graham Derby evidence of economic benefit

A

overall production increase 122% - as peasants adopt new techniques and crops

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25
Q

debate on impact of obschchina control on peasant movement and internal passports

A

-Gerschenkron ‘ retardation of economy as no freely mobile workforce’
-Falkus ‘ internal passports issued quickly w/ 2-3 million no land peasants = large pool available labour’

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26
Q

Overall opinion on economic advancement in Russia

A

-despite mild agricultural success osbschina payments + restriction on peasant movement = fails to produce consumer society

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27
Q

what should be considered the real significance of emancipation

A

provide impetus for further reform

28
Q

case study of peasants misunderstanding

A

Bezdna village - believe ‘true freedom’ granted + landowners were concealing real aims ( as they were illiterate) 100 peasants killed in revolt

29
Q

by 1905 how much less did the nobles earn

A

40% less than 1861

30
Q

what did the edict cause for the landowning class

A

damaged economic fortune + signalled downturn in Socio economic status

31
Q

CA to nobles disadvantaged from edict ( to be disproved)

A

543 million roubles payed in redemption payments

32
Q

disprove stat on success in redemption payment landowner

A

as 62% private owned serfs mortgaged to state 248 million roubles absorbed by creditors

33
Q

who were the Milyutin Brothers

A

Nicholas Alexander (drafted emancipation edict) + Dmitriii ( minister war 1861-81)

34
Q

what did Milyutin want to do in military ?

A

form a smaller more efficient + less expensive army

35
Q

3 examples of military reform

A

-service no longer a court punishment
-conscription 25 yrs –> 15 yrs
-modern weaponry introduced - augment efficiency

36
Q

when were military reforms put into place

A

1875

37
Q

However issue in military

A

-officer class made of aristocrats + illiterate peasants could not benefit from education therefore remains peasant conscript army - 1878 Turkey victory took longer than expected against a decaying nation

38
Q

further example of military defeat

A

1904-05 Japan defeat

39
Q

example of Russia failing to recover military international position

A

-1878 Congress Berlin - Britain Germany + Austria demand russia had to scrap treaty San Stefano w/ creation of Big Bulgaria

40
Q

what was Treaty San Stefano 1878

A

end Turkish war + Russia gains large Bulgaria under Russian control ( lost at Congress Berlin)

41
Q

Local Government - what left a void

A

abolition of patriarchal authority of local gentry

42
Q

1864 what did Milyutin put into effect?

A

-local councils - zemstva
-elected through electoral colleges of each societal group

43
Q

evidence of mild reform in zemstva

A

made up of liberal intellectuals = room for debate + criticism on central gov

44
Q

However reality of zemstva

A

no control over taxes + appointment officials - 1914 only 43/70 provinces had established provincial assembly

45
Q

what should zemstva be deemed?

A

‘innocuous organs of central gov’ - presidents appointed + cannot levy taxes - nobles regain some control

46
Q

as a result of control over zemstva

A

produced some educational reforms operating within limited scope

47
Q

who led to zemstva becoming ‘innocuous organs of central gov’

A

-minister interior Valuev persuades Alexander II of dangers of peasant power

48
Q

evidence of judicial reform

A

-volost courts w/ peasant judges elected every 3 yrs by peasants
-freedom of press - cases recited in ‘The Russian Courier’
-judges given better pay = less bribery
-25 defects discovered and improved

49
Q

however evidence of corruption

A

Vera Zasulich 1878 shot gov of St Petersburg + found not guilty as Jurys detest governor - case discredits jury system

50
Q

problem in education + solution

A

previously controlled by church now by zemstva - ministry education primary skills 8,000 to 23,000 1880

51
Q

evidence of expansion education -

A

primary skls doubled to 800,000 in first decade reign

52
Q

further evidence of education success universities

A

students from 3,600 to 10,000 by 1870s

53
Q

however downside of education success

A

increase radical + militant thinkers = gov need to reassert control

54
Q

what was press allowed to do in 1865

A

print editorials w/ comments on gov policy

55
Q

growth in number books under censorship laws

A

1,000 1855 to 10,600 by 1894

56
Q

however by end of Alexander’s reign censorship

A

becomes tighter again as growth critical thinking 1873 Tsar bans topics of discussion

57
Q

who was minister finances 1862-78

A

Von Reutern

58
Q

when was state bank introduced

A

1860

59
Q

when were municipal banks introduced

A

1862

60
Q

when were saving banks introduced

A

1869

61
Q

what was tax farming

A

-groups gained right to collect taxes ABOLISHED -reduce corruption

62
Q

growth of Russian railways

A

gov subsidies allow entrepreneurs to develop railway 3,000 - 14,700 miles in 1883 - more efficient therefore prices fall

63
Q

failure of economic reforms in expenditure

A

1/3 consumed by debt

64
Q

who was minister education

A

Golovnin 1862-67

65
Q

what was 1/3 debt a result of

A

instability of the ruble inherited by Nicholas I’s minister Count Kakrin

66
Q

why was Golvnin replaced by Toltstoy in education and effect

A

1866 shot fired at Tsar unsuccessful but Tolstoy restricts education + censorship

russia (29 decks)

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