ACTION VERBS 5

Question 1

revitalize something /ˌriːˈvaɪtəlaɪz/ to make something stronger, more active or more healthy
measures to revitalize the inner cities
The local economy has been revitalized.
Gentle massage will revitalize your skin.

Question 2

schedule something [T]
1/ [usually passive] to arrange for something to happen at a particular time
schedule something for something The meeting is scheduled for Friday afternoon.
schedule somebody/something to do something I’m scheduled to arrive in LA at 5 o’clock.
2/ schedule something [T] (as something) (formal) to include something in an official list of things
The substance has been scheduled as a poison.

Question 3

Secure [T]
1/ [get something] to obtain or achieve something, especially when this means using a lot of effort
secure something to secure a contract/deal/funding/victory: The team managed to secure a place in the finals.
secure something for somebody/something/yourself He secured a place for himself at law school.
secure somebody/something/yourself something He secured himself a place at law school.
2/ [fasten something]: to attach or fasten something so that it does not move
secure something to something She secured the rope firmly to the back of the car.
secure something He secured the boat with a rope.
The tables on board were secured firmly to the floor.
3/ [protect from harm] to protect something so that it is safe and difficult to attack or damage
secure something against something to secure a property against intruders
secure something from something Have you properly secured your computer from viral attack?
secure something We must all do everything we can to secure our borders.
4/[a loan]secure something to legally agree to give somebody property or goods that are worth the same amount as the money that you have borrowed from them, if you are unable to pay the money back
a loan secured on the house

Question 4

separate
1/ [intransitive] to stop living together as a couple with your husband, wife or partner
They separated last year.
separate from somebody He separated from his wife after 20 years of marriage.
2/[cause of making somebody/something different] [transitive] separate somebody/something (from somebody/something) to make somebody/something different in some way from somebody/something else
Politics is the only thing that separates us (= that we disagree about).
Her lack of religious faith separated her from the rest of her family.
3/ [to be between two things] [transitive] to be between two people, areas, countries, etc. so that they are not touching or connected
separate somebody/something A thousand kilometres separates the two cities.
separate A from/and B A high wall separated our back yard from the playing field.
It is not uncommon for families to be separated by great distances.

Question 5

Solidify /səˈlɪdɪfaɪ/
1/[intransitive, transitive] (formal) (of ideas, etc.) to become or to make something become more definite and less likely to change
solidify (into something) Vague objections to the system solidified into firm opposition.
solidify something They solidified their position as Britain’s top band.
2/ [intransitive, transitive] solidify (into something) | solidify (something) to become solid; to make something solid
The mixture will solidify into toffee.
The paint had solidified in the tray.
solidified lava

Question 6

streamline T [usually passive]
1/ [IMPROVE] streamline something: to make a system, an organization, etc. work better, especially in a way that saves money, by making it simpler:
streamline process/operations/procedures/workflow/management : The production process is to be streamlined./ The company streamlined its operations and increased its profits.
2/ [SHAPE] streamline something to give something a smooth, even shape so that it can move quickly and easily through air or water
The cars all have a new streamlined design.

Question 7

structure [T] verb [often passive]: to arrange or organize something into a system or pattern
structure something How well does the teacher structure the lessons?
Make use of the toys in structured group activities.
structure something around something The exhibition is structured around the themes of work and leisure.

Question 8

Succeed
1/[transitive] succeed somebody/something to come next after somebody/something and take their/its place or position
SYNONYM follow
Who succeeded Kennedy as President?
Their early success was succeeded by a period of miserable failure.
Strands of DNA are reproduced through succeeding generations.
2/ [intransitive] succeed (to something) to gain the right to a title, property, etc. when somebody dies
She succeeded to the throne (= became queen) in 1558.
He had no right to succeed to the tenancy when his father died.

Question 9

Notice [transitive] :
1/pay/get attention
1.a/get (yourself) noticed to get attention from other people
She wears those strange clothes just to get herself noticed.
1.b/notice somebody/something: to pay attention to somebody/something
Notice the way the bridge is supported by its suspension cables.

Question 10

Support [T]
1/help prove something
support something to help to show that something is true
SYNONYM corroborate (/kəˈrɑːbəreɪt/ [T, I, often passive]: The evidence was corroborated by two independent witnesses. / corroborating evidence)
Current data support this hypothesis.
There is no evidence to support his claims.
The witness’s story was not supported by the evidence.
He said the figures were questionable and not well supported.
2/ hold in position
support somebody/something to hold somebody/something in position; to prevent somebody/something from falling
a platform supported by concrete pillars
Support the baby’s head when you hold it.
She walked carefully down the stairs, supported by her grandson.

Question 11

standardize verb /ˈstændədaɪz/ (British English also standardise)- Verb Forms
standardize something : to make objects or activities of the same type have the same features or qualities; to make something standard
a standardized contract/design/test

Question 12

Surpass , trespass, bypass
-surpass [T]: to do or be better than somebody/something
surpass something/somebody He hopes one day to surpass the world record.
Its success has surpassed all expectations.
surpass yourself Her cooking was always good, but this time she had surpassed herself (= done better than her own high standards).
-trespass verb /ˈtrespæs/
[intransitive] trespass (on something) to enter land or a building that you do not have permission or the right to enter
He told me I was trespassing on private land.
The sign on the fence said ‘No trespassing’.
-Bypass [t]
1/bypass something/somebody to ignore a rule, an official system or somebody in authority, especially in order to get something done quickly
They let us bypass the usual admissions procedure.
2/ bypass something to go around or avoid a place
A new road now bypasses the town.
-SYN detour /ˈdiːtʊr/ [intransitive, transitive]
detour + adv./prep. The President detoured to Chicago for a special meeting.
detour something I would detour the endless stream of motor homes.
detour somebody/something + adv./prep. State troopers were detouring southbound trucks off Route 1 onto Route 16.

Question 13

systematize verb /ˈsɪstəmətaɪz/ (formal)
systematize something to arrange something according to a system: The mentoring process needs to be systematized in order to be truly effective.

Question 14

Table
1/ [formal] table something (British English) to present something formally for discussion
to table a question in Parliament
They have tabled a motion for debate at the next Party Conference.
He has tabled a question on this issue for tomorrow’s council meeting.
2/ [informal] table something (North American English) to leave an idea, a proposal, etc. to be discussed at a later date
They voted to table the proposal until the following meeting.

Question 15

tabulate verb/ˈtæbjuleɪt/
tabulate something to arrange facts or figures in columns or lists so that they can be read easily
The survey results are tabulated in section 9 of Appendix 1.

Question 16

Target
1/ to aim an attack or a criticism at somebody/something
2/ to try to have an effect on a particular group of people or particular thing
target somebody/something Film-makers are increasingly targeting international markets.
target something at/on somebody The campaign is specifically targeted at children.
target something for something This hospital has been targeted for additional funding.

Question 17

Teach –v
[transitive, no passive] (informal) to persuade somebody not to do something again by making them suffer so much that they are afraid to do it
teach somebody to do something Lost all your money? That’ll teach you to gamble.
I’ll teach you to call (= punish you for calling) me a liar!
teach somebody something The accident taught me a lesson I’ll never forget.

Question 18

thwart verb /θwɔːrt/ [often passive] (formal)
to prevent somebody from doing what they want to do
thwart something to thwart somebody’s plans
His ambition to be a painter was thwarted by poor eyesight.
be thwarted in something She was thwarted in her attempt to take control of the party.
- SYNONYM frustrate /frʌˈstreɪt/
frustrate somebody/something to prevent somebody from doing something; to prevent something from happening or succeeding
SYNONYM thwart
The rescue attempt was frustrated by bad weather.
He tried to frustrate his political opponents by denying them access to the media.

Question 19

Train [t]
1/ to prepare yourself for a particular activity, especially a sport, by doing a lot of exercise; to prepare a person or an animal in this way
train for something athletes training for the Olympics
train somebody/something She trains horses./ He trains the Olympic team.
train somebody/something for something The athletes will be trained for all events.
2/ [transitive] to develop a natural ability or quality so that it improves
train something An expert with a trained eye will spot the difference immediately.
train something to do something You can train your mind to think positively.
3/[transitive] train something (around/along/up, etc.) to make a plant grow in a particular direction
Roses had been trained around the door.

Question 20

-transcribe [T] verb /trænˈskraɪb/: to record thoughts, speech or data in a written form, or in a different written form from the original
transcribe something Clerks transcribe everything that is said in court./The interview was recorded and then transcribed.
transcribe something into something How many official documents have been transcribed into Braille for blind people?
- transcript noun/ˈtrænskrɪpt/(also transcription): a written or printed copy of words that have been spoken
a transcript of the interview
The White House posted a transcript of the speech on its website.

Question 21

Converse Vs. convert
-Converse - verb [ I ] (conversation-n) - formal (TALK): to talk with someone:
She likes to converse with people from all walks of life.
-Convert [t , i]–v (conversion-n):
1/ [transitive, intransitive] to change or make something change from one form, purpose, system, etc. to another
convert something into something The hotel is going to be converted into a nursing home.
convert into/to something A lot of conventional farmers have converted to organic production.
2/ [intransitive] convert into/to something to be able to be changed from one form, purpose, or system to another
a sofa that converts into a bed
In fruits, starch converts into sugar.

Question 22

Transition
1/ [intransitive, transitive] to change or to make something change from one state or condition to another
They transitioned from print journalism to the digital world.
Almost every country in the world has made the decision to transition away from fossil fuels.
transition somebody/something They decided to transition the farm to organic.
2/ [intransitive] to start living your life as a person of a different sex, to match your gender identity
The singer told fans about his decision to transition.

Question 23

Troubleshoot - verb [ I or T ] /ˈtrʌb.əl.ʃuːt/ troubleshot | troubleshot: to discover why something does not work effectively and help to improve it:
They brought me in to troubleshoot - to go in, sort out the problem, and get out again.
A top German engineer has been appointed to troubleshoot the cause of the accident.

Question 24

Translate
[transitive, intransitive] to change something into a different form; to lead to a particular result
translate something (into something) It’s time to translate words into action.
translate into something I hope all the hard work will translate into profits.

Question 25

Unify (process) Vs. Unite (people/groups)
-unify something: to join people, things, parts of a country, etc. together so that they form a single unit [is more commonly used to describe the process of creating a more cohesive or consistent whole]
The new leader hopes to unify the country.
the task of unifying Europe
a unified transport system
-unite verb /juˈnaɪt/ (more commonly used to describe the joining together of people or groups for a common purpose)
1/ [transitive, intransitive] to make people or things join together to form a unit; to join together
unite (somebody/something) A special bond unites our two countries.
unite (somebody/something) (with somebody/something) She unites keen business skills with a charming personality.
uniting the North with the South
1.a/ be united in sth: if a group of people are united in something, they all agree or all work together to achieve something:
Economists worldwide are united in the view that the fragile nature of the economic recovery will keep rate rises at bay for months to come.
2/ [intransitive] to join together with other people in order to do something as a group
Nationalist parties united to oppose the government’s plans.
unite in something Local resident groups have united in opposition to the plan.
unite in doing something We will unite in fighting crime.
unite behind/against somebody/something Will they unite behind the new leader?

Question 26

Verify[T]
1/ to check that something is true or accurate
verify something We have no way of verifying his story.
2/verify something | verify that… to show or say that something is true or accurate
SYNONYM confirm
Her version of events was verified by neighbours.
Several witnesses verified his story.

Question 27

verbalize verb /ˈvɜːrbəlaɪz/(British English also verbalise) [transitive, intransitive] (formal)
to express your feelings or ideas in words
verbalize something He’s a real genius but he has difficulty verbalizing his ideas.
verbalize about something She likes verbalizing about art.

Question 28

Use –v
1/[transitive] use somebody (disapproving) to be kind, friendly, etc. to somebody with the intention of getting an advantage for yourself from them
SYNONYM exploit
Can’t you see he’s just using you for his own ends?
I felt used.
2/[transitive, intransitive] use (something) to take illegal drugs
Most of the inmates have used drugs at some point in their lives.
(slang) She’s been using since she was 13.
the factors that make people likely to use heroin

Question 29

Restrain [t] vs refrain [i]
-refrain [I] /rɪˈfreɪn/ (formal): to stop yourself from doing something, especially something that you want to do
SYNONYM desist (/dɪˈsɪst/ desist (from something/from doing something) to stop doing something: They agreed to desist from the bombing campaign.)
refrain (from something) They appealed to the protesters to refrain from violence.
refrain from doing something Please refrain from smoking.
-restrain [T] verb /rɪˈstreɪn/
1/ [action] to stop somebody/something from doing something, especially by using physical force
restrain somebody/something The prisoner had to be restrained by the police.
He placed a restraining hand on her arm.
restrain somebody/something from (doing) something They have obtained an injunction restraining the company from selling the product.
2/ [feeling/emotion] to stop yourself from feeling an emotion or doing something that you would like to do
restrain something John managed to restrain his anger.
I restrained the urge to punch him.
restrain yourself (from something/from doing something) She had to restrain herself from crying out in pain.
3/ [under control] restrain something to stop something that is growing or increasing from becoming too large
SYNONYM bring/get/keep something under control (to succeed in dealing with something so that it does not cause any damage or hurt anyone: It took two hours to bring the fire under control.)
The government is taking steps to restrain inflation.
Economic growth first induced, then restrained population growth.

Question 30

Restrict (in order to regulate or govern it.) Vs. constrict (action/behavior) Vs. constrain (necessary for a particular purpose)
- constrain verb /kənˈstreɪn/ (necessary or desirable for a particular purpose.)
1/ [usually passive] to force somebody to do something or behave in a particular way
be/feel constrained to do something The evidence was so compelling that he felt constrained to accept it.
2/ [often passive] to limit somebody/something
be constrained (by something) Research has been constrained by a lack of funds.
constrain something There are a number of factors that constrain agricultural development.
be/feel constrained from doing something She felt constrained from continuing by the threat of losing her job.
-constraint noun /kənˈstreɪnt/: [countable] a thing that limits something, or limits your freedom to do something
SYNONYM restriction
constraints of time/money/space
financial/economic/legal/political constraints
constraint on something This decision will impose serious constraints on all schools.
- constrict (to limit an action or behavior)
constrict somebody /kənˈstrɪkt/: to limit what somebody is able to do
Too many rules had constricted her lifestyle.
Film-makers of the time were constricted by the censors.
constricting rules and regulations
-restrict [in order to regulate or govern it.]
1/restrict yourself/somebody (to something/to doing something) to allow yourself or somebody to have only a limited amount of something or to do only a particular kind of activity
I restrict myself to one cup of coffee a day.
Why don’t you restrict yourself to setting down the facts?
We restrict ourselves to one takeaway meal a week.
2/ restrict something (to somebody) to control something with rules or laws
Access to the club is restricted to members only.
3/ to limit the size, amount or range of something
restrict something to something Speed is restricted to 30 mph in towns.
restrict something Fog severely restricted visibility.

Question 31

certify [T]
1/ (formal) to state officially, especially in writing, that something is true
certify (that)… He handed her a piece of paper certifying (that) she was in good health.
This (= this document) is to certify that…
certify somebody/something + adj. He was certified dead on arrival.
certify somebody/something (as) something The accounts were certified (as) correct by the finance department.
certify somebody/something to be/do something The plants must be certified to be virus free.
2/ [usually passive] to give somebody an official document proving that they are qualified to work in a particular profession
be certified (as something) I was certified as a teacher in 2009.

Question 32

Satisfy
(formal) to make somebody certain something is true or has been done
satisfy somebody Her explanation did not satisfy the teacher.
satisfy somebody of something People need to be satisfied of the need for a new system.
satisfy somebody/yourself (that)… Once I had satisfied myself (that) it was the right decision, we went ahead.
All you have to do is satisfy the court he is not at risk.

Question 33

Revise [T]
1/ [transitive] revise something to change your opinions or plans, for example because of something you have learned
I can see I will have to revise my opinions of his abilities now.
The government may need to revise its policy in the light of this report.
2/ [transitive] revise something to change something, such as a book or an estimate, in order to correct or improve it
I’ll prepare a revised estimate for you.
revise something up/down We may have to revise this figure upwards./The growth forecast has been revised down.
revise something (from something) (to something) Of the original 200, that was revised to 100, only about 50 people showed up.
3/ [intransitive, transitive] (British English) to prepare for an exam by looking again at work that you have done
SYN review (for) sth
I can’t come out tonight. I have to revise.
revise for something I spent the weekend revising for my exam.
revise something I’m revising Geography today.

Question 34

Review [T]
1/ [MAKE CHANGES] [transitive] review something to carefully examine or consider something again, especially so that you can decide if it is necessary to make changes
SYNONYM reassess
to review a decision/proposal
The government will review the situation later in the year.
The company is reviewing its business travel policy.
After reviewing the evidence, the judge dismissed the case.
This case should be reviewed in the light of new evidence.
2/ [REACH AN OPINION] [transitive] review something to read or study information about something, especially in order to reach an opinion about it
to review records/documents/data
Let’s start by reviewing the evidence.
This paper reviews the literature on the subject.
The next section briefly reviews previous studies.
Students can review the material at their own pace.
You should review the document carefully before signing.
3/ [STAND BACK] [transitive] review something to think about past events, for example to try to understand why they happened
SYNONYM take stock (of something): to stop and think carefully about the way in which a particular situation is developing in order to decide what to do next: It was time to stand back and take stock of his career.
to review your failures and triumphs
She had been reviewing the previous week on her way home.
-stand back (from sth): to think about a situation as if you are not involved in it
It’s time to stand back and look at your career so far.
4/ [transitive] review something (especially North American English) to check a piece of work to see if there are any mistakes
Review your work before you turn it in.

Question 35

furnish somebody/something with something | furnish something (formal): to supply or provide somebody/something with something; to supply something to somebody:
She furnished him with the facts surrounding the case.
Foreign investors furnished most of the capital for the project.
-SYN render: render something (formal) to present something, especially when it is done officially
SYNONYM furnish
The committee was asked to render a report on the housing situation.

Question 36

restore
restore something (to somebody/something) (formal) to give something that was lost or stolen back to somebody
The police have now restored the painting to its rightful owner.

Question 37

Resolve –v
1/[transitive, intransitive] to make a definite decision to do something
resolve to do something He resolved not to tell her the truth.
He resolved to do something to help the children he had met.
resolve (that)… She resolved that she would never see him again.
resolve on doing something We had resolved on making an early start.
2/ [transitive] (of a committee, meeting, etc.) to reach a decision by means of a formal vote
it is resolved that… It was resolved that the matter be referred to a higher authority.
resolve that… They resolved that the matter be referred to a higher authority.
The committee unanimously resolved that the party chairman should step down.
resolve to do something The Supreme Council resolved to resume control over the national press.
resolve on something The board of directors has called a meeting to resolve on the merger.

Question 38

Represent
1/ be equal to
linking verb + noun (not used in the progressive tenses)
to be something
SYNONYM constitute
This contract represents 20% of the company’s annual revenue.
The final figure represents a 12% increase on the number of new jobs created the previous year.
They’re investing in low-carbon technologies that represent value for money.
2/ be symbol
represent something
(not used in the progressive tenses)
to be a symbol of something
SYNONYM symbolize
Each colour on the chart represents a different department.
Wind direction is represented by arrows.
The artist uses doves to represent peace.
It is not clear what these symbols were intended to represent.
3/ be example of
[no passive] represent something to be an example or expression of something
SYNONYM be typical of
The project represents all that is good in the community.
Those comments do not represent the views of us all.
The book purported to represent the lives of ordinary people.
4/make formal statement
(formal) to make a formal statement to somebody in authority to make your opinions known or to protest
represent something to somebody They represented their concerns to the authorities.
represent (to somebody) that… He admitted falsely representing to police officers that the car had been stolen.

Question 39

reposition verb [T]
1/ (MOVE) to move something to a different place or position:
The TAB function can be used to reposition the cursor.
2/ [change ] to change the way that people think about a product, service, or company:
She has completely repositioned the newspaper, from the political right to a broadly left of centre position.
reposition sth as sth The airline has been trying to reposition itself as a regional carrier, but it still spends like a national one.

Question 40

Rejuvenate /rɪˈdʒuːvəneɪt/
rejuvenate somebody/something to make somebody/something look or feel younger, more lively or more modern
His new job seemed to rejuvenate him.
special creams to rejuvenate the skin

Question 41

conceal verb /kənˈsiːl/(formal):to hide somebody/something
conceal somebody/something The paintings were concealed beneath a thick layer of plaster.
conceal somebody/something from somebody/something For a long time his death was concealed from her.
Tim could barely conceal his disappointment.
She sat down to conceal the fact that she was trembling.

Question 42

Ease -v
1/[transitive] ease something to make something easier
Ramps have been built to ease access for people who use wheelchairs.
2/ [intransitive, transitive] to move slowly and carefully; to move somebody/something slowly and carefully
+ adv./prep. He eased slowly forwards.
ease somebody/something + adv./prep. She eased herself into a chair.
He eased off (= took off) his shoes.
3/ [transitive, intransitive] ease (something) to make something less tight and more relaxed; to become less tight and more relaxed
SYNONYM relax
Ease your grip on the wheel a little. (ease your grip
to hold something less tightly)

Answer 42

a

Question 43

Wind – v2/3: wound
1/(fast-forward; rewind) [transitive, intransitive] to operate a tape, film, etc. so that it moves nearer to its ending or starting position
wind something forward/back He wound the tape back to the beginning.
wind forward/back Wind forward to the bit where they discover the body.
wind something (on) With these cameras, after you click the shutter, you have to wind the film on.
2/ [intransitive, transitive] (of a road, river, etc.) to have many bends and twists
wind + adv./prep. The path wound down to the beach.
A wooden staircase winds up to the attic.
The king’s funeral procession wound slowly through city.
wind its way + adv./prep. The river winds its way between two meadows.
3/ [transitive] wind something + adv./prep. to wrap or twist something around itself or something else
He wound the wool into a ball.
Wind the bandage around your finger.
He wound the bandage tightly around his ankle.
They wind individual strands of fibre together to make home-made rope.

Question 44

Upset - v
1/upset something [t] to make a plan, situation, etc. go wrong
He arrived an hour late and upset all our arrangements.
2/upset something to make something fall over by hitting it by accident
She stood up suddenly, upsetting a glass of water.

Question 45

REVIVE
1/ [intransitive, transitive] to become, or to make somebody/something become, conscious or healthy and strong again
[I] The economy is beginning to revive.
[T] revive somebody/something The paramedics couldn’t revive her.
2/ [transitive] revive something to make something start being used or done again
This quaint custom should be revived.
She has been trying to revive the debate over equal pay.
The poor trade figures have revived fears of higher interest rates.

Question 46

achieve v
1/[intransitive] to be successful
Their background gives them little chance of achieving at school.
These students need to achieve academically in order to enter the labour market.
SEE ALSO overachieve, underachieve

Question 47

scrutinize verb /ˈskruːtənaɪz/: scrutinize somebody/something to look at or examine somebody/something carefully
She leaned forward to scrutinize their faces.
The statement was carefully scrutinized before publication.
SYN scan: [transitive] to look at every part of something carefully, especially because you are looking for a particular thing or person
scan something for something He scanned the horizon for any sign of land.
She scanned the room for an empty seat.
scan something She scanned his face anxiously.

Question 48

Stimulus /ˈstɪmjələs/ - n [usually singular] something that helps somebody/something to develop better or more quickly
stimulus for something Books provide children with ideas and a stimulus for play.
stimulus to something The new tax laws should act as a stimulus to exports.
stimulus (for somebody) (to do something) This development also acted as a stimulus for Britain to modernize her air force.

Question 49

Particular –n
1/ [usually plural] a fact or detail, especially one that is officially written down
The police officer took down all the particulars of the burglary.
The nurse asked me for my particulars (= personal details such as your name, address, etc.).
The new contract will be the same in every particular as the old one.
2/ particulars [plural] written information and details about a property, business, job, etc.
Application forms and further particulars are available from the Personnel Office.
the particulars of a house in Bury

Question 50

Condition –v
1/ [usually passive] to train somebody/something to behave in a particular way or to become used to a particular situation
be conditioned to something Patients can become conditioned to particular forms of treatment.
be conditioned to do something The rats had been conditioned to ring a bell when they wanted food.
the difference between inborn and conditioned reflexes (= reactions that are learned/not natural)
2/ [usually passive] to have an important effect on somebody/something; to influence the way that something happens
be conditioned (by something) Gender roles are often conditioned by cultural factors.
National choices are conditioned by the international political economy.
Condition –n
1/[rule] [countable] a rule or decision that you must agree to, sometimes forming part of a contract or an official agreement:
The offer is subject to certain conditions.
on (the) condition that… They agreed to lend us the car on condition that (= only if) we returned it before the weekend.
on condition of something The officials spoke on condition of anonymity.
under the condition that… (especially North American English) They agreed under the condition that the matter be dealt with promptly.
2/[ necessary situation]
[countable] a situation that must exist in order for something else to happen
condition for something (conditions for investment/success/development/peace) Stable political leadership is a necessary condition for economic growth.
as a condition of something Applicants must agree to teach for three years as a condition of admission to the program.
as a condition of doing something You can’t make a consumer buy something as a condition of getting a loan.
3/ state of group
[singular] (formal) the state of a particular group of people because of their situation in life, their problems, etc.
He spoke angrily about the condition of the urban poor.
Work is basic to the human condition (= the fact of being alive).
We are aiming to improve the condition of the urban poor.

Question 51

rough sleeper noun: ​a person who has no home and sleeps outside, especially on the streets of a town or city
The charity provides shelter for rough sleepers.

Sound –adj
1/ sleep
[usually before noun] deep and peaceful
to have a sound night’s sleep
to be a sound sleeper
Sould asleep = fast asleep (Someone who is fast asleep or sound asleep is sleeping deeply.)
2/ reliable
sensible; that you can rely on and that will probably give good results
(sound judgement/advice/sense/basis) He’s a person of very sound judgement./ He gave me some very sound advice./ This gives the design team a sound basis for their work.
3/ detailed/complete
[only before noun] good, detailed and complete
a sound knowledge/understanding of something
He has a sound grasp of the issues.
Do you think the evidence is sound?
4/ not damaged/hurt
in good condition; not damaged, hurt, etc.
We arrived home safe and sound.
to be of sound mind (= not mentally ill)
The house needs attention but the roof is sound.

Answer 51

a

Question 52

-leap at something phrasal verb
to accept a chance or an opportunity quickly and with enthusiasm
SYNONYM jump at sth
I leapt at the chance to go to France.
-leap [I]
1/ [intransitive, transitive] to jump high or a long way
+ adv./prep. A dolphin leapt out of the water.
We leaped over the stream.
leap something The horse leapt a five-foot wall.
2/ [intransitive] + adv./prep. to move or do something suddenly and quickly
She leapt out of bed.
He leaped across the room to answer the door.
I leapt to my feet (= stood up quickly).
They leapt into action immediately.
(figurative) She was quick to leap to my defence (= speak in support of me).
The photo seemed to leap off the page (= it got your attention immediately).
His name leapt out at me (= I saw it immediately).
3/ [intransitive] leap (in something) (from…) (to…) to increase suddenly and by a large amount
SYNONYM shoot up (shoot up : to rise suddenly by a large amount: Ticket prices shot up last year.)
The shares leapt in value from 476p to close at 536p.
The company saw pre-tax profits leap to £14.5 million in 2004.

Question 53

-refine something [T]: to improve something by making small changes to it
She has refined her playing technique over the years.
This theory still needs a little refining.
-refinement noun /rɪˈfaɪnmənt/
1/[countable] a small change to something that improves it
SYNONYM enhancement
This particular model has a further refinement.
all the refinements of modern technology
2/[countable, uncountable] a thing that is an improvement on an earlier, similar thing; the quality of being improved in this way
refinement of something The new plan is a refinement of the one before.
The kite was star-shaped and lacked the refinement of current designs.
refinement on something a refinement on previous methods