20/6 Flashcards
Abolish [T] SYN eradicate /ɪˈrædɪkeɪt/, annul /əˈnʌl/, abrogate /ˈæbrəɡeɪt/
Abolish [T] SYN eradicate /ɪˈrædɪkeɪt/, annul /əˈnʌl/, abrogate /ˈæbrəɡeɪt/
ADV: altogetherly, completelt, effectively
Abolish + N:
Practice or institution: death penalty, poverty, slavery
Tax or payment: grant, subsidy, duty
Rule or law: requirement, restriction, limit
Abort SYM miscarry , scrap, scrub, cut off, break off
Abortion (variable N) SYN miscarriage /ˈmɪsˌker.ɪdʒ/, termination of pregnancy
Abortive – adj. SYN failed, fruitless, futile /ˈfjuː.t̬əl/
Abort SYM miscarry , scrap, scrub, cut off, break off
1/[end pregnancy] SYM miscarry /ˈmɪsˌker.i/: to abort a child/pregnancy/ fetus|foetus /ˈfiːtəs/
2/[stop] SYM scrap, scrub /skrʌb/, cut off, break off
Abort a test/trial/plan
Abort a launch/merger/deal
[IT] abort a program/command/operation
Abortion (variable N) SYN miscarriage /ˈmɪsˌker.ɪdʒ/, termination of pregnancy
Adj + abortion:
When it is done: early, late, late-term
Type of abortion: backstreet (back-alley abortion), illegal, medical, unsafe, legal
V + abortion:
Have/perform an abortion: carry out, perform, seek
Allow/not allow legal abortion: legalize, oppose, ban
Abortion + N:
Relating to the operation: clinic, pill, rate, service
Relating to the issue: debate, law, right
Abortive – adj. SYN failed, fruitless, futile /ˈfjuː.t̬əl/
An abortive attempt to climb Mt Everest
drown [I]
drown [I]
1/[DIE] he drowned in a boating accident
2/[EXPERIENCE] drowning in pain/debt/sorrow
absurd - adj. /əbˈsɜː(r)d/ - SYN ridiculous, senseless, foolish
stupid, unreasonable, or silly
Adverbs frequently used with absurd
very or obviously: completely, manifestly, patently, quite, totally, truly, utterly
To have a city like London with no coherent system of government was manifestly absurd.
rather: faintly, rather, slightly
His patriotism was so impulsive as to be slightly absurd.
Nouns frequently used with absurd
allegation, argument, belief, claim, conclusion, idea, notion, position, situation, suggestion
We could end up with the absurd situation where government doesn’t have anything to do with British business.
abuse [T]
1/[maltreat] mistreat, shove around, oppress, hit out, kick around, grind down, trample
2/[misuse] syn misuse /ˌmɪsˈjuːz/, squander /ˈskwɑːn.dɚ/, wear out
Noun [U]
1.[maltreatment] SYN violation, misdeed, wrongdoing
2/[exploitation] SYN: injustice, misconduct
3/[ insult /ˈɪnsʌlt/] SYN contempt, affront /əˈfrʌnt/, disgrace
abuse [T]
1/[maltreat]mistreat, shove around, oppress, hit out, kick around, grind down, trample
adv + root: emotionally, physically, sexually
2/[misuse] syn misuse /ˌmɪsˈjuːz/, squander /ˈskwɑːn.dɚ/
Root + Noun:
Power, position, system: privilege, authority, trust
Alcohol or drug: substance, alcohol, drug
Noun [U]
1.[maltreatment] SYN violation, misdeed, wrongdoing
Adj + root: psychological, sexual, emotional
N + root: child, elder, human rights, sex
V + root:
Suffer abuse: endure /ɪnˈdʊr/, experience, suffer
Commit abuse: commit, perpetrate /ˈpɜːrpətreɪt/, inflict /ɪnˈflɪkt/
2/[exploitation] SYN: injustice, misconduct
Adj + root: gross, appalling /əˈpɑː.lɪŋ/ (horrifying, alarmimg), blatant / ˈbleɪ.tənt/ (flagrant /ˈfleɪɡrənt/, glaring, conspicuous)
N + root: solvent /ˈsɑːlvənt/, substance, drug
V+ root:
-prevent abuse: curb, tackle, combat
-situation in which abuse can happen: be open to
Abuse of + N: privilege, authority, power
3/[ insult /ˈɪnsʌlt/] SYN contempt, affront /əˈfrʌnt/, disgrace
Adj + root : homophobic /ˌhəʊməˈfəʊbɪk/ (showing dislike towards gay people), racist , racial (racial – adj: describes differences and categories of people based on physical or cultural characteristics, racist - adj describes a person’s beliefs and actions towards those differences and categories)
V+root: hurl, subject someone to, scream
Noun of + root: term: term of abuse
Movement – noun
1/[countable] changing position
[body]: hand/eye movements
[place]: enemy troop movements
2/[S] group of people: share the same ideas or aims
3/[PLURAL]person’s activities:
4/[S: trend]: changes of ideas/behavior
5/[U: progress] , esp. in a particular task
6/[U: change in amount]
Movement – noun
1/[countable] changing position
[body]: hand/eye movements
[place]: enemy troop movements
2/[S] group of people: share the same ideas or aims
The trade union movement
The labor movement
The civil rights movement
Movement for sth: She led a movement for women’s rights
3/[PLURAL]person’s activities:
To track/monitor sb’s movements
4/[S: trend]: changes of ideas/behavior
Movement away from sth: We see a big movement away from cash
Movement towards sth: a movement towards greater sexual equality
5/[U: progress] , esp. in a particular task
Movement (in sth): It needs cooperation from all the countries to get any movement in arms control
6/[U: change in amount]
Movement (in sth): we have no further movement to make on the offer
Attribute –v [T]
[attribute sth to someone]: to think that sb/sth has a particular quality or feature: they showed no trace of the arrogance that is often attributed to them.
[attribute sth to sb]: the first person to say sth, do sth, invent sth: This idea has long been attributed to Keynes, but in fact he was not the first to think of it.
[attribute sth to sth]: sth is the result of a particular thing: her success can be attributed to three main factors.
Be attributable to sth – adj:
[caused by sth]:
This growth is attributable to many factors
Be attributable to the fact that: the increase in sales is largely attributable to the fact that the product has come down in price
[accounting]: if costs are attributable to a particular thing, they are spent on that thing: 35% of this cost is attributable to salaries
[shareholders]: attributable to shareholders: if a company’s profits or losses are attributable to shareholders, the profits belong to them or the losses are owed by them: all gains and losses attributable to shareholders should be reported in the single statement
Attribute –v [T]
[attribute sth to someone]: to think that sb/sth has a particular quality or feature: they showed no trace of the arrogance that is often attributed to them.
[attribute sth to sb]: the first person to say sth, do sth, invent sth: This idea has long been attributed to Keynes, but in fact he was not the first to think of it.
[attribute sth to sth]: sth is the result of a particular thing: her success can be attributed to three main factors.
Be attributable to sth – adj:
[caused by sth]:
This growth is attributable to many factors
Be attributable to the fact that: the increase in sales is largely attributable to the fact that the product has come down in price
[accounting]: if costs are attributable to a particular thing, they are spent on that thing: 35% of this cost is attributable to salaries
[shareholders]: attributable to shareholders: if a company’s profits or losses are attributable to shareholders, the profits belong to them or the losses are owed by them: all gains and losses attributable to shareholders should be reported in the single statement
Alleviate – v [T] /əˈliːvieɪt/ SYN : mitigate, lessen, ease, allay /əˈleɪ/
Adv + root : Greatly, partially, somewhat
Root + N :
Pains or illness: pain, suffering, symptoms, hunger
Negative emotion: anxiety, boredom, distress, depression
Problem or bad situation: burden, congestion, flooding, plight, hardship
Alleviate – v [T] /əˈliːvieɪt/ SYN : mitigate, lessen, ease, allay /əˈleɪ/
Adv + root : Greatly, partially, somewhat
Root + N :
Pains or illness: pain, suffering, symptoms, hunger
Negative emotion: anxiety, boredom, distress, depression
Problem or bad situation: burden, congestion, flooding, plight, hardship
“cultivate” suggests a deliberate effort to promote or develop something, while “foster” suggests a nurturing or supportive role in promoting or developing something.
cultivate [T]
1/[FARMING] cultivate/irrigate/water/contaminate /kənˈtæmɪneɪt/ crops/plants/fields/land
2/[develop]:
[SKILL, ATTITUDE, ABILITY] absorb, master, acquaint yourself with sth
[RELATIONSHIP, SUPPORT] cherish, bolster, enrich
-Adv + cultivate:
Carefully: consciously, deliberately, diligently, sedulously, assiduously
Successfully: favorably, profitably, strongly
-cultivate + N:
Relationship: acquaintance, friendship, relationship
Ability: habit, talent, virtue
Attitude: awareness, taste, attitude
Image: image
foster - v [T] synonym nurture, nourish
to encourage something to develop
Adverbs frequently used with foster
deliberately: actively, carefully, deliberately
Community organisations can actively foster good neighbourly behaviour.
successfully: effectively, successfully
We believe that many essential life skills are effectively fostered through sport.
Nouns frequently used as the object of foster
relationship or links: collaboration, cooperation, dialogue, friendship, interaction, links, partnership, relations, relationship
The new programme will foster collaboration between researchers.
attitude or atmosphere: atmosphere, attitude, culture, environment, ethos, spirit
We have a reputation for fostering a culture of diversity.
awareness: appreciation, awareness, sense, understanding
Our volunteers fostered a sense of community among the participants.
The aim of the tutorial is to foster an understanding of online publication.
growth: development, growth
We must foster the growth of a new generation of architects.
particular positive qualities: creativity, entrepreneurship, excellence, innovation, talent, teamwork
We aim to foster creativity and self-expression in young people.
learning: learning
This is a highly structured programme designed to foster independent learning.
illusion: illusion
These are stories that foster our illusions of immortality.
Appetite –N /ˈæpətaɪt/ SYN: craving, lust, greed
1/the natural feeling of wanting to eat:
spoil/ruin your appetite
work up an appetite
Adjectives frequently used with appetite
big: enormous, healthy, hearty, insatiable, ravenous, voracious
not big: poor
Verbs frequently used with appetite
have or get an appetite: have, work up
reduce someone’s appetite: curb, ruin, spoil, suppress
lose your appetite: lose
increase someone’s appetite: give someone, increase, sharpen, stimulate
satisfy someone’s appetite: sate, satisfy
root + Verbs: grow, increase, return
Nouns + of + appetite: lack, loss
2/ a feeling of great interest in something
appetite for sth
sexual appetite
Adjectives + appetite
big: big, enormous, huge, insatiable, real, voracious
not big: little
Verbs + appetite
reduce someone’s appetite: dull
increase someone’s appetite: give someone, increase, whet
lose your appetite: lose
satisfy someone’s appetite: indulge, sate, satisfy
Manifest – adj SYN obvious, glaring, unambiguous, unmistakable
Adverbs frequently used with manifest
clearly, fully, increasingly, patently
Nouns frequently used with manifest
absurdity, contempt, disregard, injustice, nonsense, unfairness
manifest – v [T] SYN: respresent, exhibit, signify, demonstrate, embody, exemplify [Passive] /ɪɡˈzemplɪfaɪ/, symbolize
Manifest a symptom: To make a symptom of an illness or condition visible or evident, such as manifesting a fever or rash.
Manifest a belief/opinion: To express or demonstrate a belief or opinion clearly, such as manifesting a strong commitment to environmentalism.
Manifest a destiny: To make a destiny or fate visible or evident, such as manifesting a belief in one’s own abilities and potential for success.
Manifest a reality: To make a reality visible or evident, such as manifesting a vision or dream into a tangible outcome.
Manifest a presence: To make a presence visible or evident, such as manifesting a powerful aura or charisma that draws people towards you.
Manifest a change: To make a change visible or evident, such as manifesting a transformation in one’s behavior or outlook.
Manifest a miracle: To make a miracle visible or evident, such as manifesting a seemingly impossible outcome through faith or divine intervention.
Manifest a destiny: To make a sense of purpose or direction visible or evident, such as manifesting a belief in one’s calling or mission in life.
entreat [T] –v: beg, implore /ɪmˈplɔːr/, appeal to, plead with /pliːd/, adjure /əˈdʒʊr/, beseech /bɪˈsiːtʃ/
-Entreat someone for something: This collocation is often used to indicate a request or appeal made to someone, as in “I entreated him for help with my project.”
-Entreat someone to do something: This collocation is used to indicate a request or urging made to someone to take a particular action, as in “I entreated her to reconsider her decision.”
-Entreat the mercy of: This collocation is often used to indicate a plea for forgiveness or compassion, as in “The prisoner entreated the mercy of the court.”
-Entreat with kindness: This collocation is used to indicate a request made in a gentle or kind manner, as in “She entreated him with kindness to accompany her to the party.”
-Entreat the gods: This collocation is often used in a religious or mythological context to indicate a prayer or supplication to a deity or higher power, as in “The people entreated the gods for a bountiful harvest.”
Amplify – v [T, I]
(formal) to add details to a story, statement, etc.
She refused to amplify further.
amplify something You may need to amplify this point.
-Amplify sound: This collocation is often used to refer to increasing the volume or intensity of a sound, as in “The sound system was used to amplify the music.”
-Amplify message: This collocation is used to indicate expanding or emphasizing the meaning or importance of a message, as in “The speaker used statistics to amplify his message about the benefits of education.”
-Amplify effect: This collocation is used to indicate increasing the impact or potency of something, as in “The advertising campaign was designed to amplify the effect of the product launch.”
-Amplify signal: This collocation is often used in a technical context to refer to increasing the strength or clarity of a signal, as in “The amplifier was used to amplify the weak radio signal.”
-Amplify emotions: This collocation is used to indicate intensifying or magnifying emotions, as in “The dramatic music was used to amplify the emotions of the scene.”
A
Reflect
1/ [T]: SYN: set out, pin down, set forth: show the existence or nature of something
Adverbs frequently used with reflect
correctly: accurately, correctly, exactly, faithfully, properly, truly
I did not think the newspaper article accurately reflected my views.
completely: certainly, fully, obviously, perfectly
Improvements in the quality of teaching are fully reflected in pupils’ performance.
more or less: adequately, broadly, largely, partially, partly, probably
These three projects broadly reflect the areas of research central to the company.
necessarily: necessarily
The article does not necessarily reflect the views of the government.
Nouns frequently used as the object of reflect
change, commitment, concern, difference, diversity, fact, importance, interest, need, opinion, priority, reality, trend, view
The very low figure reflects the fact that people are spending less on eating out.
2/[I]: SYN think out, : contemplate /ˈkɑːn.t̬əm.pleɪt/ , ponder: to think carefully and deeply about something
reflect on/upon something She was left to reflect on the implications of her decision.
reflect that… On the way home he reflected that the interview had gone well.
reflect how, what, etc… She reflected how different it could have been.
+ speech ‘It could all have been so different,’ she reflected.
3/ [transitive, usually passive] to show the image of somebody/something on the surface of something such as a mirror, water or glass
be reflected (in something) His face was reflected in the mirror.
She looked into the water and saw her face reflected there.
4/ [transitive, intransitive] to throw back light, heat, sound, etc. from a surface
reflect something The windows reflected the bright afternoon sunlight.
reflect something + adv./prep. When the sun’s rays hit the earth, a lot of the heat is reflected back into space.
reflect + adv./prep. The sun reflected dully off the stone walls.
Conservative - adj
1/[social]not accepting much change, or traditional in your attitudes
Adverbs frequently used with conservative
very: deeply, extremely, highly, very
Italians are for the most part deeply conservative in their approach to bio-ethical issues.
rather: essentially, fairly, quite, rather, relatively
Governments and bureaucracy have a rather conservative attitude towards the role of mass media.
as a basic feature: inherently
These systems are inherently conservative and the pace of change is slow.
in a particular way: politically, socially
She never lost her belief in the staid, socially conservative society of the 1950s, with its traditional family values.
Nouns frequently used with conservative
approach, attitude, outlook, values, view
Her marriage to a man of conservative views does not seem to have been a happy one.
2/[SYN cautious, moderate]: of an estimate
Root + N: estimate/projection
3/political belonging to or supporting the British political party that traditionally supports business and opposes high taxes and government involvement in industry:
the Conservative Party
Conservative policies
a Conservative MP/government
conservative Republicans
Conservative members/supporters
Conservative
noun [ C ]
UK /kənˈsɜː.və.tɪv/ US /kənˈsɝː.və.t̬ɪv/
(also Tory)
someone who belongs to or supports the Conservative Party of Great Britain (= a political party that traditionally supports business and opposes high taxes and government involvement in industry), or a similar party in another country:
She’s a staunch (= very loyal) Conservative.
The Conservatives won an overall majority of ninety.
conservation
NOUN
UNCOUNTABLE
1/the careful management of land so that it is not damaged
Adjectives frequently used with conservation
environmental, marine
She developed her interest in marine conservation at the University of Greenwich.
Nouns frequently used before conservation
biodiversity, countryside, forest, landscape, nature, rainforest, wetland, wildlife, woodland
These woodlands and green spaces will provide opportunities for recreation, nature conservation, and education.
Nouns frequently used after conservation
area: area
A large part of the centre of Shrewsbury is a conservation area.
action or work: efforts, measures, project, work
Successful seed propagation is part of the conservation work undertaken at Bedgebury.
organization: agency, body, charity, group, organization
Volunteering offers a good way to get a flavour of what working in a wildlife conservation charity is like.
Nouns frequently used after conservation of
biodiversity, environment, habitat, species, wildlife
The prime purpose of our reserves is the conservation of wildlife and habitats.
2/not wasting energy, water etc
Nouns frequently used before conservation
energy, water
In existing stores the company is raising employee awareness of energy conservation.
Nouns frequently used after conservation of
energy, fuel, resources
These regulations came into effect earlier in April and are concerned with the conservation of fuel and power.
Conserve –v : safeguard, sustain, preserve
new laws to conserve wildlife in the area
Conservationist –n [C] SYN environmental activist
Adj + root: Local conservationist
N + root: wildlife conservationist
