16/6 Flashcards
Prepare , concoct - concoction
-For each concoction of milk coffee, make the drink with the ratio of 40 ml cream milk to 30 ml coffee
-200 ml of milk coffee concoction in the ratio of 4:3
Gesture : SYNONYM: sign, body language, indication, token, salute /səˈluːt/
–v [I]: to make a movement with your hands or head in order to show or tell someone something
Maria gestured expressively as she talked
Gesture at/in the direction of/towards: “what about these?” she asked, gesturing at the dirty dishes.
Gesture for: He gestured for her to sit down
Gesture to: Jack gestured to us from across the room
Gesture –n [C]:
1/a movement that communicates a feeling or instruction
Make a gesture: Ellen rose from the table, and they made the gesture of rising too
Obscene /əbˈsiːn/ gesture: Max held up two fingers in an obscene gesture (synonyms: indecent /ɪnˈdiː.sənt/, offensive, immoral)
2/something that you do which shows what you think or intend
Gesture of: a gesture of support/goodwill/solidarity /ˌsɑː.lɪˈder.ə.t̬i/ (unity, consensus, harmony)
Gesture : SYNONYM: sign, body language, indication, token, salute /səˈluːt/
–v [I]: to make a movement with your hands or head in order to show or tell someone something
Maria gestured expressively as she talked
Gesture at/in the direction of/towards: “what about these?” she asked, gesturing at the dirty dishes.
Gesture for: He gestured for her to sit down
Gesture to: Jack gestured to us from across the room
Gesture –n [C]:
1/a movement that communicates a feeling or instruction
Make a gesture: Ellen rose from the table, and they made the gesture of rising too
Obscene /əbˈsiːn/ gesture: Max held up two fingers in an obscene gesture (synonyms: indecent /ɪnˈdiː.sənt/, offensive, immoral)
Adjective frequently used with gesture:
Unpleasant: angry, obscene, offensive, rude, threatening
The driver and her passenger made offensive gestures and shouted obscenities.
Done in an extreme way, using your face, hands, arms: exaggerated, expansive, expressive, extravagant, sweeping, theatrical
He waved his arm in an expansive gesture
2/something that you do which shows what you think or intend
Gesture of: a gesture of support/goodwill/solidarity /ˌsɑː.lɪˈder.ə.t̬i/ (unity, consensus, harmony)
Adjective frequently used with gesture:
Not effective: empty, futile /ˈfjuː.t̬əl/, pointless, symbolic, token
In every sense it was a futile gesture against the government
Generous: extravagant /ɪkˈstræv.ə.ɡənt/, generous, grand, magnanimous /mæɡˈnæn.ə.məs/, thoughtful
He can repay your generous gesture next time you’re dining out
Showing feelings: kind, romantic, defiant /dɪˈfaɪ.ənt/ (disobedient /ˌdɪs.əˈbiː.di.ənt/, disregardful), conciliatory /kənˈsɪl.i.ə.tɔːr.i/ (placid, yielding)
Bill thanked the Mayor for his kind gesture
Noun frequently used after gesture of:
Positive feelings: appeciation, friendship, goodwill, gratitude/gratefulness, respect, solidarity, support
He has been refusing food and drink as a gesture of solidarity.
Negative feelings: contempt /kənˈtempt/ ( defiance, disdain, disrespect, disregard) , despair, protest
Crowds came out on the streets in a gesture of protest over the election results.
endeavor /ɪnˈdevə(r)/ - formal SYNONYM: strive (+to V| +for N), take pains, bid for, undertake
–v [T]: to try very hard to do something
endeavour to do something: we have endeavored to make the vehicle environmentally friendly.
-endeavours (C/U): an effort to do sth, especially sth new or difficult
endeavor /ɪnˈdevə(r)/ - formal SYNONYM: strive (+to V| +for N), take pains, bid for, undertake
–v [T]: to try very hard to do something
endeavour to do something: we have endeavored to make the vehicle environmentally friendly.
-endeavours (C/U): an effort to do sth, especially sth new or difficult
Adjectives frequently used with endeavor:
Involving a particular activity or subject: academic (scholarly), artistic, athletic, creative, intellectual, journalistic, scientific
Their organization exists to promote artistic endeavor, to relieve poverty, and to promote youth education.
Involving people working together: collaborative, collective, joint
The programme represents a collective endeavor to eradicate /ɪˈræd.ɪ.keɪt/ childhood disease (abolish, eliminate)
Deserving praise: heroic, worthwhile
All these initiatives are worthwhile endeavors.
Unsuccessful: fruitless, vain
You can try keeping the garden weed-free but this is likely to be a fruitless endeavor.
Towards – prep.
1/[movement]: they were heading towards the German border.
2/[relation]: he was warm and tender towards her./our attitude towards death
3/[purpose]: the work that students do during the term counts towards their final grade
4/[near to, just before or around]:
-[place]: our seats were towards the back of the theatre.
-[time]: I often get hungry towards the middle of the day.
Backwards – adv, adj
1/adv [toward the back]: he lost balance and fell backward / I took a step backward / he began counting backward “ten nine eight…”
2/adj
-[only before N: toward the back]: She strode past him without a backward glance.
-[not developed]: the state needs to reform its backward election laws.
Forward – adv, adj
1/adv
-[direction]: she leaned forward to whisper something in my ear
-[future]: I always look forward, not back
-[progress]: Sweden has shown the way forward on energy efficiency
-[time]: we put our watches forward by 2 hours / It was decided to bring the meeting forward two weeks
2/adj
-[only before N: direction]: the door opened, blocking his forward movement
-[only before N: ship, plane,…]: the forward cabins / a bolt may have fallen off the plane’s forward door
-[future]: forward planning/thinking: a little forward planning at the outset (at/from the beginning) can save you a lot of expense
-[disapproving: confident]: Do you think it was forward of me to invite her to dinner when we’d only just met?
Upward –adj adv
Adj:
-[higher level]: upward trend/movement: an upward trend in the rate of unemployment
-[higher position]: stroke the cream onto your skin in an upward direction
Adv:
-[higher position]: a flight of steps led upwards to the front door
-[higher amount/price]: bad weather forced the price of fruit upwards.
-upwards of sth [more than sth]: You should expect to pay upwards of $50 for a hotel room,
downward : adj adv
-adj – before N: lower level: the business was on a downward path, finally closing in 2019
-adv:
-[lower position]: she was lying face downwards on the grass
-[lower value]: official projections of the spread of AIDS have mercifully been revised downwards
Towards – prep.
1/[movement]: they were heading towards the German border.
2/[relation]: he was warm and tender towards her./our attitude towards death
3/[purpose]: the work that students do during the term counts towards their final grade
4/[near to, just before or around]:
-[place]: our seats were towards the back of the theatre.
-[time]: I often get hungry towards the middle of the day.
Backwards – adv, adj
1/adv [toward the back]: he lost balance and fell backward / I took a step backward / he began counting backward “ten nine eight…”
2/adj
-[only before N: toward the back]: She strode past him without a backward glance.
-[not developed]: the state needs to reform its backward election laws.
Forward – adv, adj
1/adv
-[direction]: she leaned forward to whisper something in my ear
-[future]: I always look forward, not back
-[progress]: Sweden has shown the way forward on energy efficiency
-[time]: we put our watches forward by 2 hours / It was decided to bring the meeting forward two weeks
2/adj
-[only before N: direction]: the door opened, blocking his forward movement
-[only before N: ship, plane,…]: the forward cabins / a bolt may have fallen off the plane’s forward door
-[future]: forward planning/thinking: a little forward planning at the outset (at/from the beginning) can save you a lot of expense
-[disapproving: confident]: Do you think it was forward of me to invite her to dinner when we’d only just met?
Upward –adj adv
Adj:
-[higher level]: upward trend/movement: an upward trend in the rate of unemployment
-[higher position]: stroke the cream onto your skin in an upward direction
Adv:
-[higher position]: a flight of steps led upwards to the front door
-[higher amount/price]: bad weather forced the price of fruit upwards.
-upwards of sth [more than sth]: You should expect to pay upwards of $50 for a hotel room,
downward : adj adv
-adj – before N: lower level: the business was on a downward path, finally closing in 2019
-adv:
-[lower position]: she was lying face downwards on the grass
-[lower value]: official projections of the spread of AIDS have mercifully been revised downwards
Cause - noun
1/[countable] cause of [a person, event, or thing that makes something happen]: Breast cancer is the leading cause of death for American women in their 40s.
2/[uncountable] cause for [a reason for sth]: His departure was cause for celebration in the village
3/ [countable] cause [an aim/idea that you work for = principle]: He devoted himself to charitable causes and gave away millions of dollars
Cause - noun
1/[countable] cause of [a person, event, or thing that makes something happen]: Breast cancer is the leading cause of death for American women in their 40s.
2/[uncountable] cause for [a reason for sth]: His departure was cause for celebration in the village
3/ [countable] cause [an aim/idea that you work for = principle]: He devoted himself to charitable causes and gave away millions of dollars
Norm-n
1/often: the norm: [sigular]: the usual or normal situation
Be/become the norm On-screen editing has become the norm for all student work
2/ norms [plural]: standards of behavior
Social/cultural norms: accepted norms of behavior
3/ the norm [singular]: an average standard or level
Above/below the norm: 20% of children tested below the norm
Departure - n
1/[singular]: an occasion when someone leave a place
The house was quite again, after the noise of their departure
Departure from: an early departure from London
2/[C] a plan, train.. leaving a place at a particular time
The departure time/gate: a 10 o’clock departure
Arrivials and departures
We sat in the departure lounge waiting for our flight to be called
the departures board
3/departures [uncountable] the part of an airport where you go before catching a plane: there were long delays and queues in departures
4/[C] something new and different:
Being a teacher is a totally new departure for me.
Departure from: this is a significant departure from their earlier policies.
Argue for something:[I] if you argue for an opinion, idea, belief,..you give reasons why you think it is right
The senator argued for making cuts in military spending
Bid for [I]
1/[offer]: to compete to buy something by offering a particular amount of money for it:
Bid for sth: potential buyers must register and bid for items online before the cutoff dates.
Bid sth for sth: the previously unknown company bid $100 mil for the oil fields.
2/[tender]:
Bid for sth: Her company yesterday confirmed it had bid for the contract
Bid on sth: follow these steps to bid successfully on a government contract
3/[attempt]
Bid to do sth: the city is bidding to host the 2020 Olympic Games.
Momentum – [U]: the ability to keep increasing or developing
The momentum towards economic and political union in Europe
Gain/gather/lose momentum: they began to lose momentum in the second half of the game.
Maintain the momentum/keep the momentum going: we must maintain the momentum of reform.
Catalyst – [c]: sb/sth that causes a big change:
The catalyst behind sth: the catalyst behind this welcome trend has been the mighty Bill Gates.
Catalyst for sth: an outside leader is often needed to serve as a catalyst for change
A catalyst to (do) sth: the Government will act as a catalyst to promote creative collaboration between business.
Domain [C]: an area of activity, interest, knowledge
Outside/within the domain of sb/sth: this problem is outside the domain of medical science / Looking after the house is viewed as a woman’s domain.
Regime –n [countable]
1/[government]: a government that controls a country, esp. in a strict or unfair way:
Military/totalitarian/fascist regime
Brutal/oppressive/corrupt regime
2/[rules]: a system of rules that control sth:
An investment/a pricing/a tax regime: investors will benefit from recent changes in the tax regime
-strive [I]: to try very hard to achieve sth:
Strive for sth: we encourage all members to strive for the highest standards.
Strive after/towards sth: they were always striving towards perfection
Strive against sth: string against corruption
Strive to do sth: She strove to find a solution that was acceptable to all
-striving [U] (for/towards sth): our striving for perfection
-thrive [I]: SYNONYM flourish: New businesses thrive in this area.
-thrive on sth – phrasal verb: to enjoy sth or be successful at sth, esp. sth that other people would not like: He thrives on hard work.
-Thriving –adj: continuing to be successful, strong, healthy..: a thriving industry
Words that look like opposites, but are not
-Different / indifferent
Their characteristics are slightly different from each other
She seems totally indifferent to this subject
The government can’t afford to be indifferent to public opinion
At these prices, you can’t afford not to buy
An indifferent meal
-interested/ disinterested
She appears interested in the progress/development of her new book
Disinterested: (impartial/unbiased) Her advice appeared to be disinterested/ A disinterested onlooker/spectator/observer
-famous/infamous
A famous actor/ she is very famous for her books
Infamous/notorious: a general who was infamous for his brutality
-flammable/inflammable = same meaning:
Flammable = inflammable (Antonym non-flammable): that can burn easily: Highly flammable liquids = These gases are highly inflammable
-savoury/unsavoury
Savoury: having a pleasant taste or smell: a savoury smell from the kitchen
Unsavoury: unpleasant, or morally offensive: her friends are all pretty unsavoury characters.
-valuable/invaluable: describe the worth or importance of sth. However, they have different degrees of intensity
Valuable [OPP: valueless, worthless]: refer to sth that has a significant worth or usefulness, often in terms of economic or monetary value: The antique was valuable because it was rare and in good condition
Invaluable/priceless: means sth that is beyond value or priceless, and cannot be measured in terms of money. It is used to describe sth that is extremely important or useful, and cannot be replaced: The support of her friends was invaluable during her time of need
-sensible/insensible
Sensible (of people and their behavior): able to make good judgements based on reason and experience rather than emotion: a sensible answer/approach/compromise/option | It would be sensible to take an umbrella.
Insensible (to sth): not before N: unable to feel sth or react to it: insensible to pain/cold
[Sensible: refers to your ability to make good judgements: She gave me some very sensible advice / Sensitive [OPP: insensitive]: refers to how easily you react to things and how much you are aware of things or other people: this movie may upset a sensitive child.]
